106
5 Biopolymer Chitosan Membranes Prepared from Fishery Waste …
Table 5.2 Chitosan
membrane adsorption
compared to the highest
adsorption capacities on other
adsorbent materials for zinc
Material
Adsorption capacity
(mmol g −1 )
References
Cross-linked chitosan
membranes
2.64
This study
Chitosan powder
2.51
[28]
Chitosan flakes
1.27
[27]
Chitosan beads
1.06
[38]
Chitin
0.27
[39]
Activated sludge
0.38
[31]
Lignin
1.45
[32]
Activated carbon
(GAC-C)
0.28
[32]
Peat moss
0.20
[32]
Bentonite
0.81
[32]
5.5 Kinetic Studies
Predicting the rate of binding for a specified process is one of the most essential
aspects in the configuration of the adsorption process with residence time for metal
ions and the reactor and reactor regulated by the kinetics of the process [1, 14].
Accordingly, the adsorption rate was explored using transient curves. A Zn(II) solution was required to percolate via the membrane, and the waste water concentration
of Zn(II) was evaluated as function of time. Breakthrough investigations with specific
zinc concentrations, membrane sizes and trans-membrane pressures were performed.
5.6 The Effect of Flux on Adsorption
These investigations were performed under unsteady environmental conditions, with
the solution circulating only once through the membrane. It was conducted to evaluate
the impacts of increased flux ratios on adsorption efficiency. Consequently, the impact
of flux on chitosan membrane adsorption of Zn (II) is seen in Fig. 5.4. Since the flux
relies on the trans-membrane pressure, this was varied until the particular flux was
obtained, and the adsorption was then calculated at this particular flux.
It is apparent from Fig. 5.4 that the mass of Zn(II) reduces with a flux rise. This
is triggered by the decrease in adsorption time. So, the system is kinetic; hence the
higher the flux, the lower the adsorption.
So, it can be stated that internal distribution tends to play a function in adsorption
kinetics. A linear correlation between the adsorbed Zn(II) and the trans-membrane
flux was observed to occur from ranges of fluxes reported, as shown in Fig. 5.4. Also,
it is important to note that when one extrapolates to 0 flux, therefore, the capacity is
5 Biopolymer Chitosan Membranes Prepared from Fishery Waste …
Table 5.2 Chitosan
membrane adsorption
compared to the highest
adsorption capacities on other
adsorbent materials for zinc
Material
Adsorption capacity
(mmol g −1 )
References
Cross-linked chitosan
membranes
2.64
This study
Chitosan powder
2.51
[28]
Chitosan flakes
1.27
[27]
Chitosan beads
1.06
[38]
Chitin
0.27
[39]
Activated sludge
0.38
[31]
Lignin
1.45
[32]
Activated carbon
(GAC-C)
0.28
[32]
Peat moss
0.20
[32]
Bentonite
0.81
[32]
5.5 Kinetic Studies
Predicting the rate of binding for a specified process is one of the most essential
aspects in the configuration of the adsorption process with residence time for metal
ions and the reactor and reactor regulated by the kinetics of the process [1, 14].
Accordingly, the adsorption rate was explored using transient curves. A Zn(II) solution was required to percolate via the membrane, and the waste water concentration
of Zn(II) was evaluated as function of time. Breakthrough investigations with specific
zinc concentrations, membrane sizes and trans-membrane pressures were performed.
5.6 The Effect of Flux on Adsorption
These investigations were performed under unsteady environmental conditions, with
the solution circulating only once through the membrane. It was conducted to evaluate
the impacts of increased flux ratios on adsorption efficiency. Consequently, the impact
of flux on chitosan membrane adsorption of Zn (II) is seen in Fig. 5.4. Since the flux
relies on the trans-membrane pressure, this was varied until the particular flux was
obtained, and the adsorption was then calculated at this particular flux.
It is apparent from Fig. 5.4 that the mass of Zn(II) reduces with a flux rise. This
is triggered by the decrease in adsorption time. So, the system is kinetic; hence the
higher the flux, the lower the adsorption.
So, it can be stated that internal distribution tends to play a function in adsorption
kinetics. A linear correlation between the adsorbed Zn(II) and the trans-membrane
flux was observed to occur from ranges of fluxes reported, as shown in Fig. 5.4. Also,
it is important to note that when one extrapolates to 0 flux, therefore, the capacity is