5.3 Results and Discussion
99
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
40
60
80
100
120
Intensity (a.u)
2 Theta (deg)
XCS
CS
Weight (a.u)
Temperature (
0
C)
XCS
CS
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.2 a and b. a XRD of CS and XCS, b TGA of CS and XCS
reflects bending vibrations of CH 2 and CH 3 , correspondingly. In CS and XCS, a
strong peak of 1000 cm
−1 was detected which signifies asymmetric stretching of
C–O. C–H bending vibration can be observed at 879 cm
−1 for CS and 774 cm
−1 for
XCS. New peaks at wavelength of 1211 cm
−1 support glutaraldehyde cross-linking
onto CS.
5.3.1.2 Outcome of XRD
Figure 5.2a illustrates the CS and XCS diffraction behaviours. A specific trait of 2θ
= 20° corresponding to 110 chitosan planes was identified for both membranes since
chitosan can be changed and some of its characteristics can still be preserved [18].
In the case of XCS, nevertheless, the intensity was elevated owing to a chemical
cross-linking reaction which gave indications that glutaraldehyde was chemically
attached to CS.
5.3.1.3 TGA Analysis
With TGA, the heat characteristics of CS and XCS were assessed after heat is added.
To research the heat stability of the membranes, a plot of mass against temperature
was made. Figure 5.2b displays the essential steps in CS and XCS thermal decomposition. The degradation of CS proceeded in three steps, whereas in the first step
there was a loss of weight of 10% around 40–157 °C temperatures which correlates to