4.11 Conclusion
91
4.11 Conclusion
The current investigation demonstrated that polyaniline grafted cross-linked chitosan
bead is capable of removing cadmium and lead from polluted water and must be taken
into consideration as a low-cost adsorbent. Consequently, the adsorption findings
indicate that metal ion binding is a function of variables including pH, adsorbent dose,
contact time, initial concentration and zero-charge point. The Langmuir model, as
such, has proved to accurately interpret the adsorption isotherms for both metal ions.
The Langmuir model, Q e , was noted to be 145 mg/g for cadmium ions and 114 mg/g
for lead ions at 45 °C temperature and an optimum pH of 5. The assessment of
thermodynamics confirms the random and endothermic nature of cadmium and lead
onto GXCS. Kinetics of metal ions adsorption to GXCS was accurately explained
by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Research on desorption revealed that 0.5 M
HCl can desorbed GXCS filled with cadmium and lead ions safely and correctly
Five cycles of adsorption/desorption investigation were performed, and in the fourth
cycle, the overall adsorption efficiency was hardly impaired. This development could
contribute to minimizing the cost of the operation.
References
1. E. Igberase, A. Ofomaja, P.O. Osifo, Enhanced heavy metal ions adsorption by 4-aminobenzoic
acid grafted on chitosan/epichlorohydrin composite: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics and
desorption studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 123, 664–676 (2019)
2. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Adsorption of metal ions by microwave assisted grafting
of cross-linked chitosan beads. Equilibrium, isotherm, thermodynamic and desorption studies.
Appl. Organomet. Chem. (2017)
3. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, A comparison study of the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan
derivatives in aqueous solution (2020)
4. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Mathematical modelling of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 6+
and Cd 2+ ions adsorption from a synthetic acid mine drainage onto chitosan derivative in a
packed bed column. Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom) (2017)
5. M. Madhava Rao, A. Ramesh, G. Purna Chandra Rao, K. Seshaiah, Removal of copper and
cadmium from the aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls.
J. Hazard. Mater. 129(1–3) (2006), pp. 123–129
6. J. Liu, Y. Chen, T. Han, M. Cheng, W. Zhang, J. Long, X. Fu, A biomimetic SiO 2 @chitosan
composite as highly-efficient adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions in drinking water.
Chemosphere 214, 738–742 (2019)
7. M.O. Omorogie, J.O. Babalola, E.I. Unuabonah, W. Song, J.R. Gong, Efficient chromium
abstraction from aqueous solution using a low-cost biosorbent: Nauclea diderrichii seed
biomass waste. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 20(1), 49–57 (2016)
8. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, Application of diethylenetriamine grafted on glyoxal cross-linked
chitosan composite for the effective removal of metal ions in batch system. Int. J. Biol.
Macromol. 134, 1145–1155 (2019)
9. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, Mathematical modelling and simulation of packed bed column for the
efficient adsorption of Cu(II) ions using modified bio-polymeric material. J. Environ. Chem.
Eng. Ii (2019), p. 103129
10. L. Li, J. Iqbal, Y. Zhu, P. Zhang, W. Chen, A. Bhatnagar, Y. Du, Ag-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite beads as a potential adsorbent for the efficient removal of toxic aquatic pollutants. Int.
J. Biol. Macromol. 120, 1752–1759 (2018)
91
4.11 Conclusion
The current investigation demonstrated that polyaniline grafted cross-linked chitosan
bead is capable of removing cadmium and lead from polluted water and must be taken
into consideration as a low-cost adsorbent. Consequently, the adsorption findings
indicate that metal ion binding is a function of variables including pH, adsorbent dose,
contact time, initial concentration and zero-charge point. The Langmuir model, as
such, has proved to accurately interpret the adsorption isotherms for both metal ions.
The Langmuir model, Q e , was noted to be 145 mg/g for cadmium ions and 114 mg/g
for lead ions at 45 °C temperature and an optimum pH of 5. The assessment of
thermodynamics confirms the random and endothermic nature of cadmium and lead
onto GXCS. Kinetics of metal ions adsorption to GXCS was accurately explained
by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Research on desorption revealed that 0.5 M
HCl can desorbed GXCS filled with cadmium and lead ions safely and correctly
Five cycles of adsorption/desorption investigation were performed, and in the fourth
cycle, the overall adsorption efficiency was hardly impaired. This development could
contribute to minimizing the cost of the operation.
References
1. E. Igberase, A. Ofomaja, P.O. Osifo, Enhanced heavy metal ions adsorption by 4-aminobenzoic
acid grafted on chitosan/epichlorohydrin composite: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics and
desorption studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 123, 664–676 (2019)
2. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Adsorption of metal ions by microwave assisted grafting
of cross-linked chitosan beads. Equilibrium, isotherm, thermodynamic and desorption studies.
Appl. Organomet. Chem. (2017)
3. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, A comparison study of the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan
derivatives in aqueous solution (2020)
4. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Mathematical modelling of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 6+
and Cd 2+ ions adsorption from a synthetic acid mine drainage onto chitosan derivative in a
packed bed column. Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom) (2017)
5. M. Madhava Rao, A. Ramesh, G. Purna Chandra Rao, K. Seshaiah, Removal of copper and
cadmium from the aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls.
J. Hazard. Mater. 129(1–3) (2006), pp. 123–129
6. J. Liu, Y. Chen, T. Han, M. Cheng, W. Zhang, J. Long, X. Fu, A biomimetic SiO 2 @chitosan
composite as highly-efficient adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions in drinking water.
Chemosphere 214, 738–742 (2019)
7. M.O. Omorogie, J.O. Babalola, E.I. Unuabonah, W. Song, J.R. Gong, Efficient chromium
abstraction from aqueous solution using a low-cost biosorbent: Nauclea diderrichii seed
biomass waste. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 20(1), 49–57 (2016)
8. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, Application of diethylenetriamine grafted on glyoxal cross-linked
chitosan composite for the effective removal of metal ions in batch system. Int. J. Biol.
Macromol. 134, 1145–1155 (2019)
9. E. Igberase, P.O. Osifo, Mathematical modelling and simulation of packed bed column for the
efficient adsorption of Cu(II) ions using modified bio-polymeric material. J. Environ. Chem.
Eng. Ii (2019), p. 103129
10. L. Li, J. Iqbal, Y. Zhu, P. Zhang, W. Chen, A. Bhatnagar, Y. Du, Ag-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite beads as a potential adsorbent for the efficient removal of toxic aquatic pollutants. Int.
J. Biol. Macromol. 120, 1752–1759 (2018)