24
was generated in the India during 2011–2012. Only, 70% (89,334 TPD) of MSW
was collected and 12.45% (15,881 TPD) was treated or processed. The MSW generation in India increased to 1,43,449 metric tonnes per day in 2015–2016 (CPCB
2015–2016) and will keep on increasing with increasing population.
According to Balde et al. (2017), total e-waste generation in Asia was 18.2 million tons (Mt) in 2016 in which India contribute 2Mt of e-waste and ranked as third
highest e-waste generator in Asia. According to CPCB (2019a, b), approximately
7.17 million metric tonne (MMt) of hazardous waste was generated in India from
56,350 hazardous waste generating industries during 2016–2017. Maximum hazardous waste was generated in Gujarat (39.20%) followed by Rajasthan (10.10%).
India has 1733 authorized recyclers recycling hazardous wastes with capacity of
6.99 MMt. Out of 7.17 MMt of generated hazardous waste only 1 MMt of hazardous waste was recycled (CPCB 2019a, b). The hazardous waste generation of India
is also increasing at a rapid rate. Generation of hazardous waste increased more than
16% compared to hazardous waste generated in India during 2009 (6.2 MMt
per annum).
India needs to manage its waste as a result of increasing waste generation along
with growing population. A new concept is emerging in India which is ‘waste management and circular economy’. According to Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ‘a circular economy is based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution,
keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems’. Waste
management and circular economy encourages complete collection, transportation,
recycle-recovery-reuse of waste to tackle the problem with increasing wastes. In
India, the rules pertaining to waste management in the areas of municipal waste,
electronic waste, construction and demolition waste, biomedical waste, hazardous
waste and plastic waste have been revised in the year 2016 for implementation
based on 5R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse and Recover) principle and circular
economy concepts.
2.3 Deforestation and Loss of Bio-diversity
2.3.1 Deforestation
According to WWF, ‘the importance of forests cannot be underestimated’. Our survival depends on forest, from the air we breathe to the wood we use. More than 2
billion people in the world depend on forests directly or indirectly. Forests provide
home for more than 80% of terrestrial biodiversity and source of livelihood for 60
million indigenous people (WWF). Forests also help to reduce the effects of natural
disasters, maintaining the soil quality and regulating the water circle. Due to unvalued contributions of forests, priority is given in conservation and protection of forests. Although more financing and investment are made to protect forest land, a
major concern in today’s world is deforestation.
P. K. Sikdar and S. Basu
was generated in the India during 2011–2012. Only, 70% (89,334 TPD) of MSW
was collected and 12.45% (15,881 TPD) was treated or processed. The MSW generation in India increased to 1,43,449 metric tonnes per day in 2015–2016 (CPCB
2015–2016) and will keep on increasing with increasing population.
According to Balde et al. (2017), total e-waste generation in Asia was 18.2 million tons (Mt) in 2016 in which India contribute 2Mt of e-waste and ranked as third
highest e-waste generator in Asia. According to CPCB (2019a, b), approximately
7.17 million metric tonne (MMt) of hazardous waste was generated in India from
56,350 hazardous waste generating industries during 2016–2017. Maximum hazardous waste was generated in Gujarat (39.20%) followed by Rajasthan (10.10%).
India has 1733 authorized recyclers recycling hazardous wastes with capacity of
6.99 MMt. Out of 7.17 MMt of generated hazardous waste only 1 MMt of hazardous waste was recycled (CPCB 2019a, b). The hazardous waste generation of India
is also increasing at a rapid rate. Generation of hazardous waste increased more than
16% compared to hazardous waste generated in India during 2009 (6.2 MMt
per annum).
India needs to manage its waste as a result of increasing waste generation along
with growing population. A new concept is emerging in India which is ‘waste management and circular economy’. According to Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ‘a circular economy is based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution,
keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems’. Waste
management and circular economy encourages complete collection, transportation,
recycle-recovery-reuse of waste to tackle the problem with increasing wastes. In
India, the rules pertaining to waste management in the areas of municipal waste,
electronic waste, construction and demolition waste, biomedical waste, hazardous
waste and plastic waste have been revised in the year 2016 for implementation
based on 5R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse and Recover) principle and circular
economy concepts.
2.3 Deforestation and Loss of Bio-diversity
2.3.1 Deforestation
According to WWF, ‘the importance of forests cannot be underestimated’. Our survival depends on forest, from the air we breathe to the wood we use. More than 2
billion people in the world depend on forests directly or indirectly. Forests provide
home for more than 80% of terrestrial biodiversity and source of livelihood for 60
million indigenous people (WWF). Forests also help to reduce the effects of natural
disasters, maintaining the soil quality and regulating the water circle. Due to unvalued contributions of forests, priority is given in conservation and protection of forests. Although more financing and investment are made to protect forest land, a
major concern in today’s world is deforestation.
P. K. Sikdar and S. Basu