276
establishes the fact that migration is an alternative livelihood in drought-prone environment of Africa which feature closely resembles to the present scenarios. Adverse
environmental conditions often increase mobility. The generality of this hybrid narrative of environmentally induced population mobility is now supported by several
quantitative studies (e.g., Gray 2009; Halliday 2006; Henry et al. 2004; Massey
et al. 2010). Regarding Purulia specifically, a semiarid climate with more variable
rainfall would likely accelerate the effects described here. The recent study by
Ghosh 2016, 2018, and 2019 also supports the semiarid nature of Purulia and scenarios of drought-induced livelihood turmoil. In 2019, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh,
and Jharkhand become an example of drought-induced migration. Drought risk and
shock were also analyzed by Clay et al. 1999. Dallmann and Millock in 2017 presented pattern of migration of India in the context of climate change, and this result
matches with our conclusion that migration becomes the alternative livelihood strategies to cope with drought. Khan et al. 2011 and Bhagat in 2017 identified a major
cause of unemployment for the rural urban migration trend of India. This research
almost exhibits with these results and completely justified with it. Thus Purulia can
be a perfect representative of water-stressed migration pattern of both India and
world perspective.
References
Adamo SB (2010) Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental
change. Environ Sustain 2:161–165
Banik P, Mandal A, Rahman MS (2002) Markov chain analysis of weekly rainfall data in determining drought-proneness. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 7(4):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1155/
S1026022602000262
Clay D, Molla D, Habtewold D (1999) Food aid targeting in Ethiopia: a study of who needs it and
who gets it. Food Policy 24(4):391–409
Dantzig GB, Thapa MN (1997) Linear programming 2: theory and extensions. Springer, Cham,
pp 1–448
Dallmann I, Millock K (2017) Climate variability and inter-state migration in India. CESifo Econ
Stud 63(4):560–594.
Devi S, Goswami DC (2015) Morphometric characterization of Gayung and Sipu sub-basins of the
Subansiri River of the Eastern Himalayas. Int J Geomat Geosci 5(3):482–491
Fan CC (2009) China on the move: migration, the State and the Household. Routledge; Taylor and
Francis Group, London, pp 1–210
Ghosh KG (2016) Chapter 21: Long range climatic variability over Birbhum District, West Bengal
and their impact on Rainfed Aman crop in the context of climate change: adoption and mitigation. In: Chattopadhyay PK, Kushwaha DS (eds) Rural health, women empowerment and
agriculture: issues and challenges, 1st edn. New Delhi Publishers, New Delhi, pp 277–298
Ghosh KG (2018) Analysis of rainfall trends and its spatial patterns during the last century over
the Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India. J Geovis Spat Anal 2:15. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s41651-018-0022-x
Ghosh KG (2019) Spatial and temporal appraisal of drought jeopardy over the Gangetic West Bengal,
eastern India. Geoenviron Disasters 6(1):7–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-018-0117-1
S. Raha and S. K. Gayen
establishes the fact that migration is an alternative livelihood in drought-prone environment of Africa which feature closely resembles to the present scenarios. Adverse
environmental conditions often increase mobility. The generality of this hybrid narrative of environmentally induced population mobility is now supported by several
quantitative studies (e.g., Gray 2009; Halliday 2006; Henry et al. 2004; Massey
et al. 2010). Regarding Purulia specifically, a semiarid climate with more variable
rainfall would likely accelerate the effects described here. The recent study by
Ghosh 2016, 2018, and 2019 also supports the semiarid nature of Purulia and scenarios of drought-induced livelihood turmoil. In 2019, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh,
and Jharkhand become an example of drought-induced migration. Drought risk and
shock were also analyzed by Clay et al. 1999. Dallmann and Millock in 2017 presented pattern of migration of India in the context of climate change, and this result
matches with our conclusion that migration becomes the alternative livelihood strategies to cope with drought. Khan et al. 2011 and Bhagat in 2017 identified a major
cause of unemployment for the rural urban migration trend of India. This research
almost exhibits with these results and completely justified with it. Thus Purulia can
be a perfect representative of water-stressed migration pattern of both India and
world perspective.
References
Adamo SB (2010) Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental
change. Environ Sustain 2:161–165
Banik P, Mandal A, Rahman MS (2002) Markov chain analysis of weekly rainfall data in determining drought-proneness. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 7(4):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1155/
S1026022602000262
Clay D, Molla D, Habtewold D (1999) Food aid targeting in Ethiopia: a study of who needs it and
who gets it. Food Policy 24(4):391–409
Dantzig GB, Thapa MN (1997) Linear programming 2: theory and extensions. Springer, Cham,
pp 1–448
Dallmann I, Millock K (2017) Climate variability and inter-state migration in India. CESifo Econ
Stud 63(4):560–594.
Devi S, Goswami DC (2015) Morphometric characterization of Gayung and Sipu sub-basins of the
Subansiri River of the Eastern Himalayas. Int J Geomat Geosci 5(3):482–491
Fan CC (2009) China on the move: migration, the State and the Household. Routledge; Taylor and
Francis Group, London, pp 1–210
Ghosh KG (2016) Chapter 21: Long range climatic variability over Birbhum District, West Bengal
and their impact on Rainfed Aman crop in the context of climate change: adoption and mitigation. In: Chattopadhyay PK, Kushwaha DS (eds) Rural health, women empowerment and
agriculture: issues and challenges, 1st edn. New Delhi Publishers, New Delhi, pp 277–298
Ghosh KG (2018) Analysis of rainfall trends and its spatial patterns during the last century over
the Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India. J Geovis Spat Anal 2:15. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s41651-018-0022-x
Ghosh KG (2019) Spatial and temporal appraisal of drought jeopardy over the Gangetic West Bengal,
eastern India. Geoenviron Disasters 6(1):7–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-018-0117-1
S. Raha and S. K. Gayen