98
that 1400 km
2
. of land would be required by 2047 for municipal waste (TERI 2014).
As most of the urban areas in India are developed along a river or near, they use it
as additional dumping ground. The state of the Yamuna River in Delhi is a testimony
to this fact. The river practically doesn’t flow at all. Mumbai generates 6500 metric
tonnes of garbage daily, including 2500 metric tonnes of silt and debris, besides 25
tonnes of biomedical waste. A significant amount of the waste (4500 metric tonnes
per day) is dumped at the Deonar dumping ground, located in the eastern suburb of
the city (Shanker 2010). According to Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, the
Deonar landfill site will expire by the end of 2016. The landfills in Gorai and
Chincholi Bunder have already been shut down due to over-use. The Mulund dumping ground has also been overused and the BMC is contemplating shutting this
down as well (Laskar 2014). Improper SWM contributes to 6% of India’s methane
emissions and is the third largest emitter of methane in India. This is much higher
than the global average of 3% methane emissions from solid waste. It currently
produces 16 million tons of CO 2 equivalents per year and this number is expected to
rise to 20 million tons of CO 2 equivalents by 2020 (IEA 2009). In addition, high
levels of nickel, zinc, arsenic, lead, chromium and other metals in the solid waste
are also found at landfills in metro cities. Disposal of industrial and domestic waste
without any treatment made water in 42 of 53 lakes unfit for drinking or bathing in
Bangalore (Kiran 2018). An alternative to landfills which will solve the problem of
leaching to some extent is sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a
methodical manner. These are lined with materials that are impermeable such as
plastics and clay and are also built over impermeable soil (Sridhar 2016).
Construction of sanitary landfills is very expensive and not problem free. The plastic liner often develops cracks as it reacts with various chemical solvents present in
the waste. The rate of decomposition in sanitary landfills is also tremendously variable. Moreover, some biodegradable materials do not decompose in a landfill (Jain
et al. 2015) (Table 5.3).
A city-wise summarized explanation of major issues related to MSWM is presented in Table 5.3. A total of 32 ULBs have been selected with special consideration of rank achieved by towns/cities in Swachh Survekshan (2017) by Govt of
India as solid waste management including door-to-door collection, processing and
disposal, and open defecation free status carried 45% marks in the survey (MoUD
2017). On the other hand, 25 ULBs out of 32 are selected from the class-I category
as about 60% of India’s solid waste generated in class-I cities which have a population of more than one lakh. It is found that in large urban areas availability of basic
infrastructure and accessibility to modern technologies are evident but in small
urban areas, there are some specific deficiencies in terms of basic infrastructure
required for SWM. Although door-to-door collection and community bin systems
are introduced in all reviewed ULBs, these systems suffer from insufficiency and
irregularity. Source segregation is profoundly practiced in hilly urban areas like
Shimla, Shillong, Gangtok and coastal urban areas like Coimbatore, Kochi, Port
Blair, while in the major metro cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore source segregation is introduced by limited to some localities. But in small urban areas like
Cooch Behar, Dimapur, Kohima, there are no initiatives to promote source
M. Ray et al.
that 1400 km
2
. of land would be required by 2047 for municipal waste (TERI 2014).
As most of the urban areas in India are developed along a river or near, they use it
as additional dumping ground. The state of the Yamuna River in Delhi is a testimony
to this fact. The river practically doesn’t flow at all. Mumbai generates 6500 metric
tonnes of garbage daily, including 2500 metric tonnes of silt and debris, besides 25
tonnes of biomedical waste. A significant amount of the waste (4500 metric tonnes
per day) is dumped at the Deonar dumping ground, located in the eastern suburb of
the city (Shanker 2010). According to Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, the
Deonar landfill site will expire by the end of 2016. The landfills in Gorai and
Chincholi Bunder have already been shut down due to over-use. The Mulund dumping ground has also been overused and the BMC is contemplating shutting this
down as well (Laskar 2014). Improper SWM contributes to 6% of India’s methane
emissions and is the third largest emitter of methane in India. This is much higher
than the global average of 3% methane emissions from solid waste. It currently
produces 16 million tons of CO 2 equivalents per year and this number is expected to
rise to 20 million tons of CO 2 equivalents by 2020 (IEA 2009). In addition, high
levels of nickel, zinc, arsenic, lead, chromium and other metals in the solid waste
are also found at landfills in metro cities. Disposal of industrial and domestic waste
without any treatment made water in 42 of 53 lakes unfit for drinking or bathing in
Bangalore (Kiran 2018). An alternative to landfills which will solve the problem of
leaching to some extent is sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a
methodical manner. These are lined with materials that are impermeable such as
plastics and clay and are also built over impermeable soil (Sridhar 2016).
Construction of sanitary landfills is very expensive and not problem free. The plastic liner often develops cracks as it reacts with various chemical solvents present in
the waste. The rate of decomposition in sanitary landfills is also tremendously variable. Moreover, some biodegradable materials do not decompose in a landfill (Jain
et al. 2015) (Table 5.3).
A city-wise summarized explanation of major issues related to MSWM is presented in Table 5.3. A total of 32 ULBs have been selected with special consideration of rank achieved by towns/cities in Swachh Survekshan (2017) by Govt of
India as solid waste management including door-to-door collection, processing and
disposal, and open defecation free status carried 45% marks in the survey (MoUD
2017). On the other hand, 25 ULBs out of 32 are selected from the class-I category
as about 60% of India’s solid waste generated in class-I cities which have a population of more than one lakh. It is found that in large urban areas availability of basic
infrastructure and accessibility to modern technologies are evident but in small
urban areas, there are some specific deficiencies in terms of basic infrastructure
required for SWM. Although door-to-door collection and community bin systems
are introduced in all reviewed ULBs, these systems suffer from insufficiency and
irregularity. Source segregation is profoundly practiced in hilly urban areas like
Shimla, Shillong, Gangtok and coastal urban areas like Coimbatore, Kochi, Port
Blair, while in the major metro cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore source segregation is introduced by limited to some localities. But in small urban areas like
Cooch Behar, Dimapur, Kohima, there are no initiatives to promote source
M. Ray et al.