77. John Garnaut, ‘‘Nervous China Tightens Grip on Internet,’’ Sydney Morning Herald, January 12,
2009.
78. China Digital Times, ‘‘Bullog Shut Down,’’ January 9, 2009, http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2009/
01/bullog-shut-down/.
79. Radio Free Asia, ‘‘China Closes ‘Porn’ Sites,’’ April 1, 2009, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/
china/internet-04012009101155.html.
80. For example, in June 2006, the Information Office under the State Council and the MII
embarked on a period of ‘‘strict supervision’’ of search engines, chat rooms, and blog service providers to curb the circulation of ‘‘harmful’’ information online. See Howard W. French, ‘‘Chinese
Discuss Plan to Tighten Restrictions on Cyberspace,’’ New York Times, July 4, 2006, http://www
.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/world/asia/04internet.html.
81. China Internet Network Information Center, ‘‘Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China,’’ March 23, 2009, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2009/3/23/131303
.pdf.
82. Ibid.
83. David Shambaugh, ‘‘China’s Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes, and Efficacy,’’ China
Journal, No. 57 ( January 2007): 25–58.
84. Rebecca MacKinnon, ‘‘China’s Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers,’’ First
Monday, 14, No. 2 (2009), http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/
2378/2089.
85. Ministry of Information Industry and the State Council Information Office, hulianwang
xinwen xinxi fuwu guanli guiding [Provisions on the administration of news information services],
September 25, 2005, http://www.isc.org.cn/20020417/ca315779.htm; Congressional Executive
Commission on China Virtual Academy, ‘‘Provisions on the Administration of Internet News
Information Services.’’
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Benjamin Liebman, ‘‘Watchdog or Demagogue? The Media in the Chinese Legal System,’’
Columbia Law Review, 105, No. 1 ( January 2005): 41.
90. Stephanie Wang and Robert Faris, ‘‘Welcome to the Machine,’’ Index on Censorship, 37, No. 2,
(May 2008): 106–113.
91. Anne S.Y. Cheung, ‘‘The Business of Governance: China’s Legislation on Content Regulation
in Cyberspace,’’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 28 (Fall 2005–Winter
2006): 1–37
China
479
2009.
78. China Digital Times, ‘‘Bullog Shut Down,’’ January 9, 2009, http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2009/
01/bullog-shut-down/.
79. Radio Free Asia, ‘‘China Closes ‘Porn’ Sites,’’ April 1, 2009, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/
china/internet-04012009101155.html.
80. For example, in June 2006, the Information Office under the State Council and the MII
embarked on a period of ‘‘strict supervision’’ of search engines, chat rooms, and blog service providers to curb the circulation of ‘‘harmful’’ information online. See Howard W. French, ‘‘Chinese
Discuss Plan to Tighten Restrictions on Cyberspace,’’ New York Times, July 4, 2006, http://www
.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/world/asia/04internet.html.
81. China Internet Network Information Center, ‘‘Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China,’’ March 23, 2009, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2009/3/23/131303
.pdf.
82. Ibid.
83. David Shambaugh, ‘‘China’s Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes, and Efficacy,’’ China
Journal, No. 57 ( January 2007): 25–58.
84. Rebecca MacKinnon, ‘‘China’s Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers,’’ First
Monday, 14, No. 2 (2009), http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/
2378/2089.
85. Ministry of Information Industry and the State Council Information Office, hulianwang
xinwen xinxi fuwu guanli guiding [Provisions on the administration of news information services],
September 25, 2005, http://www.isc.org.cn/20020417/ca315779.htm; Congressional Executive
Commission on China Virtual Academy, ‘‘Provisions on the Administration of Internet News
Information Services.’’
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Benjamin Liebman, ‘‘Watchdog or Demagogue? The Media in the Chinese Legal System,’’
Columbia Law Review, 105, No. 1 ( January 2005): 41.
90. Stephanie Wang and Robert Faris, ‘‘Welcome to the Machine,’’ Index on Censorship, 37, No. 2,
(May 2008): 106–113.
91. Anne S.Y. Cheung, ‘‘The Business of Governance: China’s Legislation on Content Regulation
in Cyberspace,’’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 28 (Fall 2005–Winter
2006): 1–37
China
479