15. Turkcell, ‘‘Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri AS,’’ http://www.turkcell.com.tr/en/AboutTurkcell/
corporateInfo/companyHistory.
16. Anima Investment Network, ‘‘Country Perspectives—Turkey: Telecom & Internet,’’ http://
www.animaweb.org/en/pays_turquie_telecominternet_en.php.
17. For a list of VoIP providers in Turkey, see VoIP Providers List, ‘‘VoIP Providers Turkey,’’ http://
www.voipproviderslist.com/country/voip-turkey/voip-providers-turkey.
18. Law No: 4502 of January 29, 2000, http://www.oib.gov.tr/telekom/telekom_law_4502.htm.
19. Some other examples of independent regulatory authorities in Turkey are the Competition
Authority, Energy Market Regulatory Authority, and Capital Markets Board.
20. James B. Burnham, ‘‘Telecommunications Policy in Turkey: Dismantling Barriers to Growth,
Telecommunications Policy, 31 (2007).
21. Presidency conclusions, Lisbon European Council, March 23 and 24, 2000.
22. Commission of the European Communities, ‘‘Turkey 2007 Progress Report,’’ ec.europa.eu/
enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2007/nov/turkey_progress_reports_en.pdf.
23. Law No: 5187 of June 26, 2004, http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k5187.html.
24. Law No. 3984 of April 20, 1994, http://www.rtuk.org.tr/sayfalar/IcerikGoster.aspx?icerik_id
=b41eac9a-bc39-4213-91f3-0d39931c1f1d.
25. Asli Tunc, ‘‘Creating an Internet Culture in Turkey: Historical and Contemporary Problem
Analyses,’’ in New Media in Southeast Europe, ed. Orlin Spassov and Christo Todorov (Sofia: SOEMZ,
2003), http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/newmedia/main/articles/a_tunc.htm.
26. Turk.Internet, ‘‘TI ˙ B : Katalog Suc ¸lar Sanal Kumar ve Bahis Konularının Eklenmesiyle 9’a C ¸ ıktı –
5’’ [Telecommunications Directorate: The Number of ‘‘Checklist’’ Crimes Increases to 9 with the
Addition of Online Gambling and Bribery], April 25, 2008, http://turk.internet.com/haber/
yazigoster.php3?yaziid=20755.
27. Sarah Rainsford, ‘‘Turkey Awaits AKP’s Next Step,’’ BBC News, July 23, 2007, http://news
.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6912052.stm; Stephanie Irvine, ‘‘Defending the Secular Faith,’’
BBC News, April 28, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6603141.stm.
28. Turk.Internet, ‘‘5651 Disi Site Erisim Kapatmalarinda Sorun Var’’ [Problems in Blocking Access to
Websites not Covered Under Law #5651], May 1, 2008, http://turk.internet.com/haber/yazigoster
.php3?yaziid=20850.
29. Ibid.
30. Monsters and Critics, ‘‘Turkey Bans Biologist Richard Dawkins’ Website,’’ September 16, 2008,
http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1431422.php/Turkey_bans_biologist
_Richard_Dawkins_website.
31. English PEN, ‘‘The Case of Orhan Pamuk,’’ New York Review of Books, December 15, 2008,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18574.
Turkey
355
corporateInfo/companyHistory.
16. Anima Investment Network, ‘‘Country Perspectives—Turkey: Telecom & Internet,’’ http://
www.animaweb.org/en/pays_turquie_telecominternet_en.php.
17. For a list of VoIP providers in Turkey, see VoIP Providers List, ‘‘VoIP Providers Turkey,’’ http://
www.voipproviderslist.com/country/voip-turkey/voip-providers-turkey.
18. Law No: 4502 of January 29, 2000, http://www.oib.gov.tr/telekom/telekom_law_4502.htm.
19. Some other examples of independent regulatory authorities in Turkey are the Competition
Authority, Energy Market Regulatory Authority, and Capital Markets Board.
20. James B. Burnham, ‘‘Telecommunications Policy in Turkey: Dismantling Barriers to Growth,
Telecommunications Policy, 31 (2007).
21. Presidency conclusions, Lisbon European Council, March 23 and 24, 2000.
22. Commission of the European Communities, ‘‘Turkey 2007 Progress Report,’’ ec.europa.eu/
enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2007/nov/turkey_progress_reports_en.pdf.
23. Law No: 5187 of June 26, 2004, http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k5187.html.
24. Law No. 3984 of April 20, 1994, http://www.rtuk.org.tr/sayfalar/IcerikGoster.aspx?icerik_id
=b41eac9a-bc39-4213-91f3-0d39931c1f1d.
25. Asli Tunc, ‘‘Creating an Internet Culture in Turkey: Historical and Contemporary Problem
Analyses,’’ in New Media in Southeast Europe, ed. Orlin Spassov and Christo Todorov (Sofia: SOEMZ,
2003), http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/newmedia/main/articles/a_tunc.htm.
26. Turk.Internet, ‘‘TI ˙ B : Katalog Suc ¸lar Sanal Kumar ve Bahis Konularının Eklenmesiyle 9’a C ¸ ıktı –
5’’ [Telecommunications Directorate: The Number of ‘‘Checklist’’ Crimes Increases to 9 with the
Addition of Online Gambling and Bribery], April 25, 2008, http://turk.internet.com/haber/
yazigoster.php3?yaziid=20755.
27. Sarah Rainsford, ‘‘Turkey Awaits AKP’s Next Step,’’ BBC News, July 23, 2007, http://news
.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6912052.stm; Stephanie Irvine, ‘‘Defending the Secular Faith,’’
BBC News, April 28, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6603141.stm.
28. Turk.Internet, ‘‘5651 Disi Site Erisim Kapatmalarinda Sorun Var’’ [Problems in Blocking Access to
Websites not Covered Under Law #5651], May 1, 2008, http://turk.internet.com/haber/yazigoster
.php3?yaziid=20850.
29. Ibid.
30. Monsters and Critics, ‘‘Turkey Bans Biologist Richard Dawkins’ Website,’’ September 16, 2008,
http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1431422.php/Turkey_bans_biologist
_Richard_Dawkins_website.
31. English PEN, ‘‘The Case of Orhan Pamuk,’’ New York Review of Books, December 15, 2008,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18574.
Turkey
355