32. Turkmen dissident writer Rahim Esenov was put in jail in 2004 after refusing to edit his book
to Niyazov’s liking. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘RSF: Turkmenistan Should Release RFE/RL
Journalists,’’ March 4, 2004, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/3/5C962852-4C09-45C7
-B64C-1340B28704E1.html.
33. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘Turkmen President Signs Decree on Amnesty,’’ May 25,
2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkmen_President_Signs_Decree_On_Amnesty/1732552.html.
34. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘Groups Says Iran, Turkmenistan among ‘10 Worst Countries to Be a Blogger,’ ’’ May 1, 2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Group_Says_Iran_Turkmenistan
_Among_10_Worst_Countries_To_Be_A_Blogger/1619910.html.
35. Reporters Without Borders, ‘‘First Online Free Expression Day Launched on Reporters Without Borders Website,’’ December 3, 2008, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=26086.
36. UNIAN News Agency, ‘‘Press Freedom Deteriorated in Europe,’’ May 3, 2006, http://www
.unian.net/eng/news/news-153773.html.
37. Felix Corley, ‘‘Forum 18,’’ http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?query=&religion=all&country
=32&results=10 and http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1293.
38. Turkmenistan Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, http://www.tmhelsinki.org/en/
modules/news/article.php?storyid=3310.
39. Ibid.
40. Reverse filtering occurs on the Web server hosting the content, as opposed to at a point along
the way of the traffic flow, and is based on restricting requests based on geographical location of
the originating Internet Protocol address. Copyright holders who want to restrict access to their
content in certain markets often use reverse filtering. Examples include hulu.com, BBC.com, and
other sites that syndicate commercial video and audio content that is subject to licensing. The
ONI has detected that many U.S. military sites are inaccessible outside the United States. We
strongly suspect that this may be as a result of reverse filtering.
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Turkmenistan
to Niyazov’s liking. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘RSF: Turkmenistan Should Release RFE/RL
Journalists,’’ March 4, 2004, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/3/5C962852-4C09-45C7
-B64C-1340B28704E1.html.
33. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘Turkmen President Signs Decree on Amnesty,’’ May 25,
2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkmen_President_Signs_Decree_On_Amnesty/1732552.html.
34. Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, ‘‘Groups Says Iran, Turkmenistan among ‘10 Worst Countries to Be a Blogger,’ ’’ May 1, 2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Group_Says_Iran_Turkmenistan
_Among_10_Worst_Countries_To_Be_A_Blogger/1619910.html.
35. Reporters Without Borders, ‘‘First Online Free Expression Day Launched on Reporters Without Borders Website,’’ December 3, 2008, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=26086.
36. UNIAN News Agency, ‘‘Press Freedom Deteriorated in Europe,’’ May 3, 2006, http://www
.unian.net/eng/news/news-153773.html.
37. Felix Corley, ‘‘Forum 18,’’ http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?query=&religion=all&country
=32&results=10 and http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1293.
38. Turkmenistan Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, http://www.tmhelsinki.org/en/
modules/news/article.php?storyid=3310.
39. Ibid.
40. Reverse filtering occurs on the Web server hosting the content, as opposed to at a point along
the way of the traffic flow, and is based on restricting requests based on geographical location of
the originating Internet Protocol address. Copyright holders who want to restrict access to their
content in certain markets often use reverse filtering. Examples include hulu.com, BBC.com, and
other sites that syndicate commercial video and audio content that is subject to licensing. The
ONI has detected that many U.S. military sites are inaccessible outside the United States. We
strongly suspect that this may be as a result of reverse filtering.
248
Turkmenistan