16. Chrono-tm, ‘‘Paradoksy Razvitiya Interneta v Turkmenistane’’ [Paradoxical Internet Development
in Turkmenistan], June 4, 2008, http://www.chrono-tm.org/?0251044162000000000000011000000.
17. Chrono-tm, ‘‘Internet ne Proshel’’ [Internet Did Not Come Through], May 11, 2008, http://
www.chrono-tm.org/?025104407200000000000001100000.
18. USA Today, ‘‘A Crack in the Isolation of Turkmenistan: Internet Cafe ´s,’’ February 16, 2007,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-16-turkmenistan_x.htm.
19. Reuters India ‘‘Turkmen Leader Sacks Official over Bad Internet,’’ May 20, 2008, http://in
.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-33671420080520.
20. The organizations promoting these projects are the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and NATO.
21. Farangis Najibullah, ‘‘Turkmenistan: Wireless Internet Hints at End to State Monopoly,’’
EurasiaNet, June 21, 2008, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp062108.
22. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ‘‘Internet Indicators: Subscribers, Users, and
Broadband Subscribers,’’ 2008, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx
?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&RP_intYear=2008&RP_intLanguageID=1.
23. Turkmenistan.ru, ‘‘MTS Podlklychila Turkmenov k Internetu’’ [MTS Connected Turkmens to
the Internet], April 18, 2008, http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=ru&elem_id=12590
&type=event&sort=date_desc.
24. Abdulmugamid, ‘‘Internet Metamorphoses in Turkmenistan,’’ NewEurasia, May 2, 2008,
http://www.neweurasia.net/media-and-internet/internet-metamorphoses-in-turkmenistan/.
25. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Comparative Assessment of the Telecommunications Sector in the Transition Countries: Assessment Report Turkmenistan, December 2008,
http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/law/telecoms/assess/turkmen.pdf.
26. Ibid.
27. Ferghana.Ru Information Agency, ‘‘Censorship in Turkmenistan: Outright Lunacy,’’ May 18,
2005, http://enews.ferghana.ru/detail.php?id=703673619153.75,823,18180166.
28. U.S. Department of State, ‘‘Turkmenistan,’’ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61681
.htm.
29. Unofficial English translation of the Law at http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/turkmenistanlaws/
id13.html.
30. Criminal Code of Turkmenistan.
31. Gulnoza Saidazimova, ‘‘Central Asia: Rights Group Says Region Suffering after Andijon,’’
Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, May 23, 2006, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/5/
3CA525C2-D1D1-490B-8985-494F72A25EE5.html.
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247
in Turkmenistan], June 4, 2008, http://www.chrono-tm.org/?0251044162000000000000011000000.
17. Chrono-tm, ‘‘Internet ne Proshel’’ [Internet Did Not Come Through], May 11, 2008, http://
www.chrono-tm.org/?025104407200000000000001100000.
18. USA Today, ‘‘A Crack in the Isolation of Turkmenistan: Internet Cafe ´s,’’ February 16, 2007,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-16-turkmenistan_x.htm.
19. Reuters India ‘‘Turkmen Leader Sacks Official over Bad Internet,’’ May 20, 2008, http://in
.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-33671420080520.
20. The organizations promoting these projects are the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and NATO.
21. Farangis Najibullah, ‘‘Turkmenistan: Wireless Internet Hints at End to State Monopoly,’’
EurasiaNet, June 21, 2008, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp062108.
22. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ‘‘Internet Indicators: Subscribers, Users, and
Broadband Subscribers,’’ 2008, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx
?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&RP_intYear=2008&RP_intLanguageID=1.
23. Turkmenistan.ru, ‘‘MTS Podlklychila Turkmenov k Internetu’’ [MTS Connected Turkmens to
the Internet], April 18, 2008, http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=ru&elem_id=12590
&type=event&sort=date_desc.
24. Abdulmugamid, ‘‘Internet Metamorphoses in Turkmenistan,’’ NewEurasia, May 2, 2008,
http://www.neweurasia.net/media-and-internet/internet-metamorphoses-in-turkmenistan/.
25. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Comparative Assessment of the Telecommunications Sector in the Transition Countries: Assessment Report Turkmenistan, December 2008,
http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/law/telecoms/assess/turkmen.pdf.
26. Ibid.
27. Ferghana.Ru Information Agency, ‘‘Censorship in Turkmenistan: Outright Lunacy,’’ May 18,
2005, http://enews.ferghana.ru/detail.php?id=703673619153.75,823,18180166.
28. U.S. Department of State, ‘‘Turkmenistan,’’ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61681
.htm.
29. Unofficial English translation of the Law at http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/turkmenistanlaws/
id13.html.
30. Criminal Code of Turkmenistan.
31. Gulnoza Saidazimova, ‘‘Central Asia: Rights Group Says Region Suffering after Andijon,’’
Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, May 23, 2006, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/5/
3CA525C2-D1D1-490B-8985-494F72A25EE5.html.
Turkmenistan
247