5. Only one radio station, Echo Mosckvy, is considered independent, but it actually belongs to
the state-owned company Gazprom, which itself implies that any criticism of the government
broadcast over its networks is ‘‘pre-approved.’’ In a recent interview, the editor in chief Alexei
Venediktov admitted that ‘‘The Kremlin is our real stockholder.’’ See Alexi Venediktov: ‘‘ ‘The
Kremlin is our real stockholder.’ ’’ Novaya Gazeta, April 17, 2008, http://en.novayagazeta.ru/data/
2008/25/08.html.
6. The federal TV channels did not report the tragedy, and it was only through print media and
the Internet that the Russian population obtained information. See Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe, Report on Russian Media Coverage of the Beslan Tragedy: Access to Information
and Journalists’ Working Conditions, September 16, 2004, http://www.osce.org/documents/rfm/
2004/09/3586_en.pdf; Stephen Dalziel, ‘‘Russia ‘Impeded Media’ in Beslan,’’ BBC News, September
16, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3662124.stm.
7. Adi Ignatius, ‘‘A Tsar is Born,’’ Time, http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/
article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1690766-1,00.html.
8. Weblog of Dmitri Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, http://blog.kremlin.ru/.
9. For an analysis of the development of the Internet in the Russian Federation in the early and
mid-1990s and services provided by the main e-mail provider, please consult Chapter 2 in this
volume.
10. Security Council of the Russian Federation, Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, 2000, http://www.scrf.gov.ru/documents/5.html.
11. Miniwatts Marketing Group ‘‘Internet World Stats: Russia,’’ 2009, http://www
.internetworldstats.com/europa2.htm#ru.
12. Economist Intelligence Unit, ‘‘e-Readiness Rankings 2008: Maintaining Momentum,’’ http://
a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20080331202303/graphics.eiu.com/upload/ibm_ereadiness_2008.pdf.
13. Political Intelligence and Internews, Russia, 2006, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/
activities/internationalrel/docs/pi_study_rus_ukr_arm_azerb_bel_geor_kaz_mold/2_russia.pdf.
14. Russian Ministry of Education, ‘‘Ensure All Russia’s Schools Access to the Internet,’’ http://
mon.gov.ru/pro/pnpo/int/.
15. C News, ‘‘Bum: Glava ‘‘Moego Banka’’ Stroit WiMax-set’’ [BUM: The Head of ‘My Bank’ Is
Building a WiMAX Connection], May 2006, http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2009/
06/05/349841.
16. Paul Budde Communication Pty., Ltd., ‘‘Russia—Internet, Broadband and Convergence Overview and Statistics,’’ November 8, 2007.
17. SyvazInvest, ‘‘Investor Relations,’’ http://eng.svyazinvest.ru/investor-relations/fdir/.
18. By the end of 2003, the five largest ISPs (54 percent) have been the SvyazInvest interregional
companies. RTComm.ru, a branch of Rostelecom and SvyazInvest that took over Rostelecom’s wholesale ISP business, has become an undisputed leader with 28 percent market share.
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the state-owned company Gazprom, which itself implies that any criticism of the government
broadcast over its networks is ‘‘pre-approved.’’ In a recent interview, the editor in chief Alexei
Venediktov admitted that ‘‘The Kremlin is our real stockholder.’’ See Alexi Venediktov: ‘‘ ‘The
Kremlin is our real stockholder.’ ’’ Novaya Gazeta, April 17, 2008, http://en.novayagazeta.ru/data/
2008/25/08.html.
6. The federal TV channels did not report the tragedy, and it was only through print media and
the Internet that the Russian population obtained information. See Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe, Report on Russian Media Coverage of the Beslan Tragedy: Access to Information
and Journalists’ Working Conditions, September 16, 2004, http://www.osce.org/documents/rfm/
2004/09/3586_en.pdf; Stephen Dalziel, ‘‘Russia ‘Impeded Media’ in Beslan,’’ BBC News, September
16, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3662124.stm.
7. Adi Ignatius, ‘‘A Tsar is Born,’’ Time, http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/
article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1690766-1,00.html.
8. Weblog of Dmitri Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, http://blog.kremlin.ru/.
9. For an analysis of the development of the Internet in the Russian Federation in the early and
mid-1990s and services provided by the main e-mail provider, please consult Chapter 2 in this
volume.
10. Security Council of the Russian Federation, Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, 2000, http://www.scrf.gov.ru/documents/5.html.
11. Miniwatts Marketing Group ‘‘Internet World Stats: Russia,’’ 2009, http://www
.internetworldstats.com/europa2.htm#ru.
12. Economist Intelligence Unit, ‘‘e-Readiness Rankings 2008: Maintaining Momentum,’’ http://
a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20080331202303/graphics.eiu.com/upload/ibm_ereadiness_2008.pdf.
13. Political Intelligence and Internews, Russia, 2006, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/
activities/internationalrel/docs/pi_study_rus_ukr_arm_azerb_bel_geor_kaz_mold/2_russia.pdf.
14. Russian Ministry of Education, ‘‘Ensure All Russia’s Schools Access to the Internet,’’ http://
mon.gov.ru/pro/pnpo/int/.
15. C News, ‘‘Bum: Glava ‘‘Moego Banka’’ Stroit WiMax-set’’ [BUM: The Head of ‘My Bank’ Is
Building a WiMAX Connection], May 2006, http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2009/
06/05/349841.
16. Paul Budde Communication Pty., Ltd., ‘‘Russia—Internet, Broadband and Convergence Overview and Statistics,’’ November 8, 2007.
17. SyvazInvest, ‘‘Investor Relations,’’ http://eng.svyazinvest.ru/investor-relations/fdir/.
18. By the end of 2003, the five largest ISPs (54 percent) have been the SvyazInvest interregional
companies. RTComm.ru, a branch of Rostelecom and SvyazInvest that took over Rostelecom’s wholesale ISP business, has become an undisputed leader with 28 percent market share.
Russia
221