Sexing the Internet
77
John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010),
22 – 28.
5. However, there have been individual cases of sites being blocked, especially by TMNet —
Malaysia ’ s main ISP. A widely known “ just-in-time ” blocking example is of the popular sociopolitical blog http://www.MalaysiaToday.com , which was blocked during an important by-election
in 2008 that saw the return of the opposition party ’ s de facto leader (see Vee Vian Thien, “ The
Struggle for Digital Freedom of Speech: The Malaysian Sociopolitical Blogosphere ’ s Experience, ”
chapter 3 in this volume). More sustained and less noticed blocking has targeted popular sites
featuring sexual content, discussed later.
6. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
7. Lawrence Lessig, Code Version 2.0 (New York: Basic Books, 2006). See chapter 11 and especially
123 and 234.
8. Ibid., 123 – 124. Lessig explains that protection as well as regulation has been exercised at these
levels.
9. Jean K. Chalaby, “ New Media, New Freedoms, New Threats, ” International Communication
Gazette 62, no. 1 (2000): 19 – 29.
10. Brinda Bose, “ The (Ubiquitous) F-Word: Musings on Feminism and Censorships in South
Asia, ” Contemporary Women ’ s Writing 1, no. 1/2 (2007): 17 – 18.
11. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat, eds., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and
Postcolonial Perspectives (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1997).
12. On May 13, 1969, existing racial tensions sparked a series of violent clashes between the
Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities in Kuala Lumpur. This unrest led to the declaration of
a state of emergency and the suspension of Parliament. See Martin Vengadesan, “ May 13, 1969:
Truth and reconciliation, ” The Star , May 11, 2008, http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?fi le=/
2008/5/11/lifefocus/21181089 ; Wong Chin Huat, “ Watershed elections of 1969, ” The Sun , July 26,
2007, http://may131969.wordpress.com/2008/09/27/watershed-elections-of-1969 .
13. Economic Planning Unit, New Economic Policy, Prime Minister ’ s Department, Malaysia,
1971.
14. Department of Statistics Malaysia, “ Preliminary Count Report, Population and Housing
Census, Malaysia, 2010, ” last accessed April 20, 2011, http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index
.php?option=com_content & view=article & id=350%3Apreliminary-count-report-population
-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010 & catid=102%3Apreliminary-count-report-population-and
-housing-census-malaysia-2010 & lang=en.
15. The term bumiputera (literally “ sons of the earth ” ) was introduced through the New Economic
Policy, and is in reference to Article 153(1) of the Federal Constitution.
16. Article 160 of the Federal Constitution defi nes “ Malay ” as “ a person who professes
the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom [sic]. ”
77
John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010),
22 – 28.
5. However, there have been individual cases of sites being blocked, especially by TMNet —
Malaysia ’ s main ISP. A widely known “ just-in-time ” blocking example is of the popular sociopolitical blog http://www.MalaysiaToday.com , which was blocked during an important by-election
in 2008 that saw the return of the opposition party ’ s de facto leader (see Vee Vian Thien, “ The
Struggle for Digital Freedom of Speech: The Malaysian Sociopolitical Blogosphere ’ s Experience, ”
chapter 3 in this volume). More sustained and less noticed blocking has targeted popular sites
featuring sexual content, discussed later.
6. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
7. Lawrence Lessig, Code Version 2.0 (New York: Basic Books, 2006). See chapter 11 and especially
123 and 234.
8. Ibid., 123 – 124. Lessig explains that protection as well as regulation has been exercised at these
levels.
9. Jean K. Chalaby, “ New Media, New Freedoms, New Threats, ” International Communication
Gazette 62, no. 1 (2000): 19 – 29.
10. Brinda Bose, “ The (Ubiquitous) F-Word: Musings on Feminism and Censorships in South
Asia, ” Contemporary Women ’ s Writing 1, no. 1/2 (2007): 17 – 18.
11. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat, eds., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and
Postcolonial Perspectives (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1997).
12. On May 13, 1969, existing racial tensions sparked a series of violent clashes between the
Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities in Kuala Lumpur. This unrest led to the declaration of
a state of emergency and the suspension of Parliament. See Martin Vengadesan, “ May 13, 1969:
Truth and reconciliation, ” The Star , May 11, 2008, http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?fi le=/
2008/5/11/lifefocus/21181089 ; Wong Chin Huat, “ Watershed elections of 1969, ” The Sun , July 26,
2007, http://may131969.wordpress.com/2008/09/27/watershed-elections-of-1969 .
13. Economic Planning Unit, New Economic Policy, Prime Minister ’ s Department, Malaysia,
1971.
14. Department of Statistics Malaysia, “ Preliminary Count Report, Population and Housing
Census, Malaysia, 2010, ” last accessed April 20, 2011, http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index
.php?option=com_content & view=article & id=350%3Apreliminary-count-report-population
-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010 & catid=102%3Apreliminary-count-report-population-and
-housing-census-malaysia-2010 & lang=en.
15. The term bumiputera (literally “ sons of the earth ” ) was introduced through the New Economic
Policy, and is in reference to Article 153(1) of the Federal Constitution.
16. Article 160 of the Federal Constitution defi nes “ Malay ” as “ a person who professes
the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom [sic]. ”