40
Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski
38. The member states of the Arab League are Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
39. The member states of the GCC are the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman,
Qatar, and Kuwait.
40. Tom Gjelten, “ Seeing the Internet as an “ Information Weapon, ” National Public Radio,
September 23, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701 & sc=fb &
cc=fp .
41. International Telecommunication Union, “ Arab Region Presses for Heightened Cybersecurity: Doha Declaration on Cybersecurity Adopted at ITU Forum, ” February 21, 2008, http://www.
itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2008/NP01.html ; ITU Regional Cybersecurity Forum 2008,
“ Draft Meeting Report: ITU Regional Workshop on Frameworks for Cybersecurity and Critical
Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) and Cybersecurity Forensics Workshop Doha, Qatar,
February 18 – 21, 2008, ” (RWD/2008/01-E), February 21, 2008, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/
events/2008/doha/docs/doha-cybersecurity-forum-report-feb-08.pdf .
42. “ Cyber War: Indian Army Gearing Up, ” Times of India, July 19, 2010, http://timesofi ndia
.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Cyber-war-Indian-Army-gearing-up/articleshow/6187297
.cms .
43. Joji Thomas Philip and Harsimran Singh, “ Spy Game: India Readies Cyber Army to Hack into
Hostile Nations’ Computer Systems, ” Economic Times, August 6, 2010, http://economictimes.
indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Spy-Game-India-readies-cyber-army-to-hack
-into-hostile-nations-computer-systems/articleshow/6258977.cms .
44. Heather Timmons, “ India Tells Mobile Firms to Delay Deals for Chinese Telecom Equipment, ”
New York Times , April 30, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/01/business/global/01delhi
.html .
45. John Markoff, “ Google Asks N.S.A. to Investigate Cyberattacks, ” New York Times , February 4,
2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/science/05google.html?_r=1 .
46. Bill Gertz, “ Show of Strength Urged for Cyberwar, ” Washington Times , January 27, 2011,
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jan/27/show-of-strength-urged-for-cyberwar/
?page=1 .
47. Jose Nazario, “ Politically Motivated Denial of Service Attacks, ” in The Virtual Battlefi eld:
Perspectives on Cyber Warfare , ed. Christian Czosseck and Kenneth Geers (Amsterdam: IOS Press,
2009), 163 – 181; Christopher R. Walker, “ A Brief History of Operation Payback, ” Salon, December
9, 2010, http://mobile.salon.com/news/feature/2010/12/09/0 .
48. Nate Anderson, “ Anonymous vs. HBGary: The Aftermath, ” February 24, 2011, Ars Technica,
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/02/anonymous-vs-hbgary-the-aftermath.ars .
49. Deepa Seetharaman, “ Arms Makers Turn Focus from Bombs to Bytes, ” Reuters, September 10, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/10/us-aero-arms-summit-cybersecurity
-idUSTRE6893EI20100910 .
Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski
38. The member states of the Arab League are Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
39. The member states of the GCC are the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman,
Qatar, and Kuwait.
40. Tom Gjelten, “ Seeing the Internet as an “ Information Weapon, ” National Public Radio,
September 23, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701 & sc=fb &
cc=fp .
41. International Telecommunication Union, “ Arab Region Presses for Heightened Cybersecurity: Doha Declaration on Cybersecurity Adopted at ITU Forum, ” February 21, 2008, http://www.
itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2008/NP01.html ; ITU Regional Cybersecurity Forum 2008,
“ Draft Meeting Report: ITU Regional Workshop on Frameworks for Cybersecurity and Critical
Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) and Cybersecurity Forensics Workshop Doha, Qatar,
February 18 – 21, 2008, ” (RWD/2008/01-E), February 21, 2008, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/
events/2008/doha/docs/doha-cybersecurity-forum-report-feb-08.pdf .
42. “ Cyber War: Indian Army Gearing Up, ” Times of India, July 19, 2010, http://timesofi ndia
.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Cyber-war-Indian-Army-gearing-up/articleshow/6187297
.cms .
43. Joji Thomas Philip and Harsimran Singh, “ Spy Game: India Readies Cyber Army to Hack into
Hostile Nations’ Computer Systems, ” Economic Times, August 6, 2010, http://economictimes.
indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Spy-Game-India-readies-cyber-army-to-hack
-into-hostile-nations-computer-systems/articleshow/6258977.cms .
44. Heather Timmons, “ India Tells Mobile Firms to Delay Deals for Chinese Telecom Equipment, ”
New York Times , April 30, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/01/business/global/01delhi
.html .
45. John Markoff, “ Google Asks N.S.A. to Investigate Cyberattacks, ” New York Times , February 4,
2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/science/05google.html?_r=1 .
46. Bill Gertz, “ Show of Strength Urged for Cyberwar, ” Washington Times , January 27, 2011,
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jan/27/show-of-strength-urged-for-cyberwar/
?page=1 .
47. Jose Nazario, “ Politically Motivated Denial of Service Attacks, ” in The Virtual Battlefi eld:
Perspectives on Cyber Warfare , ed. Christian Czosseck and Kenneth Geers (Amsterdam: IOS Press,
2009), 163 – 181; Christopher R. Walker, “ A Brief History of Operation Payback, ” Salon, December
9, 2010, http://mobile.salon.com/news/feature/2010/12/09/0 .
48. Nate Anderson, “ Anonymous vs. HBGary: The Aftermath, ” February 24, 2011, Ars Technica,
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/02/anonymous-vs-hbgary-the-aftermath.ars .
49. Deepa Seetharaman, “ Arms Makers Turn Focus from Bombs to Bytes, ” Reuters, September 10, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/10/us-aero-arms-summit-cybersecurity
-idUSTRE6893EI20100910 .