332
Malaysia
6. Department of Statistics Malaysia, e-mail message to author on April 19, 2011 (based on 2010
census data).
7. Meredith L. Weiss, Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in
Malaysia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 12.
8. Race-based affi rmative action in favor of the majority Malays is constitutionally guaranteed
in Malaysia and comes in the form of socioeconomic privileges. See Article 153, Malaysian Federal
Constitution.
9. Richard Clutterbuck, Confl ict and Violence in Singapore and Malaysia, 1945 – 1983 (Singapore:
Westview Press, 1985), 321.
10. The National Operations Council, The May 13 Tragedy, A Report (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
National Operations Council, 1969), 69.
11. See Article 159(3), Malaysian Federal Constitution.
12. Meredith L. Weiss, “ Malaysia ’ s 12th General Election: Causes and Consequences of the
Opposition ’ s Surge, ” Asia Pacifi c Bulletin 12 (2008): 1.
13. Abdul Rashid Moten and Tunku Mohar Mokhtar, “ The 2004 General Elections in Malaysia, ”
Asian Survey 46 (2004): 330.
14. Weiss, “ Malaysia ’ s 12th General Election, ” 1.
15. Translates from Malay as “ people ’ s pact ” or “ people ’ s alliance. ” We use PR as an abbreviation
to maintain regional consistency.
16. “ How BN Lost the Media War, ” New Straits Times , April 2, 2008, http://fi ndarticles.com/
p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20080402/bn-lost-media-war/ai_n44396127/
(refer ring to a study conducted by Zentrum Future Studies Malaysia).
17. See Section 13(1), 13A, Malaysian Printing Presses and Publications Act.
18. The Star is the most widely read and circulated English national daily and was once a vocal
critic of the Malaysian government. However, in 1987, The Star was one of the subjects of Operasi
Lalang (i.e., “ Operation Weeding Out ” ), an investigative campaign launched by the Malaysian
government under its powers granted by the 1960 Internal Security Act. The Star ’ s publication
license was revoked briefl y, but upon renewal of its license, The Star became far less politically
attuned and has been criticized for being a pale version of its pre-1987 self. See Zaharom Nain
and Wang Lay Kim, “ Ownership, Control and the Malaysian Media, ” in Who Owns the Media:
Global Trends and Local Resistance , ed. Pradip N. Thomas and Zaharom Nain (Penang, Malaysia:
Zed Books, 2004), 249.
19. John Hilley, Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition (London: Zed Books,
2001), 123.
20. See MSC Malaysia National Rollout Phase 1, http://www.mscmalaysia.my/topic/
12073058488660 .
Malaysia
6. Department of Statistics Malaysia, e-mail message to author on April 19, 2011 (based on 2010
census data).
7. Meredith L. Weiss, Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in
Malaysia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 12.
8. Race-based affi rmative action in favor of the majority Malays is constitutionally guaranteed
in Malaysia and comes in the form of socioeconomic privileges. See Article 153, Malaysian Federal
Constitution.
9. Richard Clutterbuck, Confl ict and Violence in Singapore and Malaysia, 1945 – 1983 (Singapore:
Westview Press, 1985), 321.
10. The National Operations Council, The May 13 Tragedy, A Report (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
National Operations Council, 1969), 69.
11. See Article 159(3), Malaysian Federal Constitution.
12. Meredith L. Weiss, “ Malaysia ’ s 12th General Election: Causes and Consequences of the
Opposition ’ s Surge, ” Asia Pacifi c Bulletin 12 (2008): 1.
13. Abdul Rashid Moten and Tunku Mohar Mokhtar, “ The 2004 General Elections in Malaysia, ”
Asian Survey 46 (2004): 330.
14. Weiss, “ Malaysia ’ s 12th General Election, ” 1.
15. Translates from Malay as “ people ’ s pact ” or “ people ’ s alliance. ” We use PR as an abbreviation
to maintain regional consistency.
16. “ How BN Lost the Media War, ” New Straits Times , April 2, 2008, http://fi ndarticles.com/
p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20080402/bn-lost-media-war/ai_n44396127/
(refer ring to a study conducted by Zentrum Future Studies Malaysia).
17. See Section 13(1), 13A, Malaysian Printing Presses and Publications Act.
18. The Star is the most widely read and circulated English national daily and was once a vocal
critic of the Malaysian government. However, in 1987, The Star was one of the subjects of Operasi
Lalang (i.e., “ Operation Weeding Out ” ), an investigative campaign launched by the Malaysian
government under its powers granted by the 1960 Internal Security Act. The Star ’ s publication
license was revoked briefl y, but upon renewal of its license, The Star became far less politically
attuned and has been criticized for being a pale version of its pre-1987 self. See Zaharom Nain
and Wang Lay Kim, “ Ownership, Control and the Malaysian Media, ” in Who Owns the Media:
Global Trends and Local Resistance , ed. Pradip N. Thomas and Zaharom Nain (Penang, Malaysia:
Zed Books, 2004), 249.
19. John Hilley, Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition (London: Zed Books,
2001), 123.
20. See MSC Malaysia National Rollout Phase 1, http://www.mscmalaysia.my/topic/
12073058488660 .