China and Global Internet Governance
193
8. Christopher Bodeen, “ China Slams Clinton’s Internet Speech: ‘ Information Imperialism, ’ ”
Associated Press, January 22, 2010, http://www.huffi ngtonpost.com/2010/01/22/china-slams
-clintons-inte_n_432691.html .
9. Sami ben Gharbia, “ The Internet Freedom Fallacy and the Arab Digital Activism, ”
Samibengharbia.com, September 17, 2010, http://samibengharbia.com/2010/09/17/the-internet
-freedom-fallacy-and-the-arab-digital-activism .
10. For a good discussion of this, see the comments appended to Rebecca MacKinnon, “ China ’ s
New Domain Names: Lost in Translation, ” CircleID, February 28, 2006, http://www.circleid.com/
posts/chinas_new_domain_names_lost_in_translation/#1905 . The blog itself understates the signifi cance of the situation, but the comments on the post and the tests reported there clarify the
situation.
11. “ China Adds Top-Level Domain Names, ” People ’ s Daily Online, February 28, 2006, http://
english.people.com.cn/200602/28/eng20060228_246712.html .
12. A country code is a top-level domain based on the ISO-3166 standard of two-letter codes,
such as .cn for China, .fr for France, or .br for Brazil. They were created in the mid-1980s as
alternatives to the so-called generic top-level domains (.com, .net, .org, .mil) at the insistence of
some non-U.S. Internet developers. Not wanting to put himself in the position of deciding who
or what qualifi ed as a “ country, ” Internet pioneer Jon Postel found an existing ISO standard,
originally developed for postal uses, which assigned unique two-letter codes to each territory.
Most of these territories correspond to nations, but many (e.g., .io for Indian Ocean) did not.
13. Houlin Zhao, “ ITU and Internet Governance, ” input to the seventh meeting of the ITU
Council Working Group on WSIS, December 12 – 14, 2004, Geneva, 30 November 2004. In this
WSIS contribution Zhao wrote, “ in addition to the current arrangements for allocation of IPv6
address by the RIRs, one could reserve a portion of the large IPv6 space for country-based assignments, that is, assign a block to a country at no cost, and let the country itself manage this kind
of address in IPv6. ”
14. Sureswaran Ramadass, A Study on the IPv6 Address Allocation and Distribution Methods (Geneva:
International Telecommunication Union, 2009).
15. Earl Zmijewski, “ Accidentally Importing Censorship, ” Renesys Blog, March 30, 2010, http://
www.renesys.com/blog/2010/03/fouling-the-global-nest.shtml .
16. Tim Hardie, “ Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses, ” RFC
3258, April 2002.
17. Zmijewski, “ Accidentally Importing Censorship. ”
18. U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCESRC), 2010 Report to Congress
of the U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission at the 11th Congress, Second Session,
November 2010.
19. U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission, Section 2, 2010 Report to Congress
of the U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission , November 2010, http://www.uscc.gov/
annual_report/2010/annual_report_full_10.pdf.
193
8. Christopher Bodeen, “ China Slams Clinton’s Internet Speech: ‘ Information Imperialism, ’ ”
Associated Press, January 22, 2010, http://www.huffi ngtonpost.com/2010/01/22/china-slams
-clintons-inte_n_432691.html .
9. Sami ben Gharbia, “ The Internet Freedom Fallacy and the Arab Digital Activism, ”
Samibengharbia.com, September 17, 2010, http://samibengharbia.com/2010/09/17/the-internet
-freedom-fallacy-and-the-arab-digital-activism .
10. For a good discussion of this, see the comments appended to Rebecca MacKinnon, “ China ’ s
New Domain Names: Lost in Translation, ” CircleID, February 28, 2006, http://www.circleid.com/
posts/chinas_new_domain_names_lost_in_translation/#1905 . The blog itself understates the signifi cance of the situation, but the comments on the post and the tests reported there clarify the
situation.
11. “ China Adds Top-Level Domain Names, ” People ’ s Daily Online, February 28, 2006, http://
english.people.com.cn/200602/28/eng20060228_246712.html .
12. A country code is a top-level domain based on the ISO-3166 standard of two-letter codes,
such as .cn for China, .fr for France, or .br for Brazil. They were created in the mid-1980s as
alternatives to the so-called generic top-level domains (.com, .net, .org, .mil) at the insistence of
some non-U.S. Internet developers. Not wanting to put himself in the position of deciding who
or what qualifi ed as a “ country, ” Internet pioneer Jon Postel found an existing ISO standard,
originally developed for postal uses, which assigned unique two-letter codes to each territory.
Most of these territories correspond to nations, but many (e.g., .io for Indian Ocean) did not.
13. Houlin Zhao, “ ITU and Internet Governance, ” input to the seventh meeting of the ITU
Council Working Group on WSIS, December 12 – 14, 2004, Geneva, 30 November 2004. In this
WSIS contribution Zhao wrote, “ in addition to the current arrangements for allocation of IPv6
address by the RIRs, one could reserve a portion of the large IPv6 space for country-based assignments, that is, assign a block to a country at no cost, and let the country itself manage this kind
of address in IPv6. ”
14. Sureswaran Ramadass, A Study on the IPv6 Address Allocation and Distribution Methods (Geneva:
International Telecommunication Union, 2009).
15. Earl Zmijewski, “ Accidentally Importing Censorship, ” Renesys Blog, March 30, 2010, http://
www.renesys.com/blog/2010/03/fouling-the-global-nest.shtml .
16. Tim Hardie, “ Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses, ” RFC
3258, April 2002.
17. Zmijewski, “ Accidentally Importing Censorship. ”
18. U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCESRC), 2010 Report to Congress
of the U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission at the 11th Congress, Second Session,
November 2010.
19. U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission, Section 2, 2010 Report to Congress
of the U.S. – China Economic and Security Review Commission , November 2010, http://www.uscc.gov/
annual_report/2010/annual_report_full_10.pdf.