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Nart Villeneuve and Masashi Crete-Nishihata
2. Larry Diamond, “ Liberation Technology, ” Journal of Democracy 21, no. 3 (2010): 69 – 82.
3. Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs,
2011).
4. Mirdul Chowdhury, “ The Role of the Internet in Burma ’ s Saffron Revolution, ” Berkman Center
for Internet and Society, September 28, 2008, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2008/
Role_of_the_Internet_in_Burmas_Saffron_Revolution ; OpenNet Initiative, “ Pulling the Plug: A
Technical Review of the Internet Shutdown in Burma, ” October 15, 2007, http://opennet.net/
research/bulletins/013 .
5. The Democratic Voice of Burma Web site is http://www.dvb.no .
6. The Irrawaddy Web site is http://www.irrawaddy.org .
7. The Mizzima News Web site is http://www.mizzima.com .
8. A Web site defacement is an attack in which the visual content of a page is altered.
9. For a listing of reported attacks on Burmese opposition groups, see the DoS Watch project,
http://www.doswatch.org/search/label/burma .
10. Committee to Protect Journalists, “ Burma ’ s Exile Media Hit by Cyber-attacks, ” September 27,
2010, http://cpj.org/2010/09/burmas-exile-media-hit-by-cyber-attacks.php .
11. The Information Warfare Monitor is a sister project to the OpenNet Initiative that studies
the emergence of cyberspace as a strategic domain and analyzes politically motivated cyber
attacks and espionage. See Information Warfare Monitor, http://www.infowar-monitor.net .
12. Freedom House, “ Burma (Myanmar) Country Report 2010, ” http://www.freedomhouse.org/
template.cfm?page=22 & year=2010 & country=7792 .
13. Roy Greenslade, “ How Burma Quashes Press Freedom, ” Guardian Greenslade
Blog,
September
26,
2007,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/greenslade/2007/sep/26/
howburmaquashespressfreedom .
14. Printers and Publishers Registration Act (1962), http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/Printers
_and_Publishers_Registation_Act.pdf .
15. Article 32, Television and Video Law (The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No.
8/96), July 26, 1996, http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_08.html .
16. Chowdhury, “ The Role of the Internet in Burma ’ s Saffron Revolution. ”
17. Ibid.
18. International Telecommunications Union (ITU), “ Internet Indicators: Subscribers, Users
and Broadband Subscribers, ” 2009 fi gures. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/
ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic & ReportFormat
=HTML4.0 & RP_intYear=2009 & RP_intLanguageID=1 & RP_bitLiveData=False .
Nart Villeneuve and Masashi Crete-Nishihata
2. Larry Diamond, “ Liberation Technology, ” Journal of Democracy 21, no. 3 (2010): 69 – 82.
3. Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs,
2011).
4. Mirdul Chowdhury, “ The Role of the Internet in Burma ’ s Saffron Revolution, ” Berkman Center
for Internet and Society, September 28, 2008, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2008/
Role_of_the_Internet_in_Burmas_Saffron_Revolution ; OpenNet Initiative, “ Pulling the Plug: A
Technical Review of the Internet Shutdown in Burma, ” October 15, 2007, http://opennet.net/
research/bulletins/013 .
5. The Democratic Voice of Burma Web site is http://www.dvb.no .
6. The Irrawaddy Web site is http://www.irrawaddy.org .
7. The Mizzima News Web site is http://www.mizzima.com .
8. A Web site defacement is an attack in which the visual content of a page is altered.
9. For a listing of reported attacks on Burmese opposition groups, see the DoS Watch project,
http://www.doswatch.org/search/label/burma .
10. Committee to Protect Journalists, “ Burma ’ s Exile Media Hit by Cyber-attacks, ” September 27,
2010, http://cpj.org/2010/09/burmas-exile-media-hit-by-cyber-attacks.php .
11. The Information Warfare Monitor is a sister project to the OpenNet Initiative that studies
the emergence of cyberspace as a strategic domain and analyzes politically motivated cyber
attacks and espionage. See Information Warfare Monitor, http://www.infowar-monitor.net .
12. Freedom House, “ Burma (Myanmar) Country Report 2010, ” http://www.freedomhouse.org/
template.cfm?page=22 & year=2010 & country=7792 .
13. Roy Greenslade, “ How Burma Quashes Press Freedom, ” Guardian Greenslade
Blog,
September
26,
2007,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/greenslade/2007/sep/26/
howburmaquashespressfreedom .
14. Printers and Publishers Registration Act (1962), http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/Printers
_and_Publishers_Registation_Act.pdf .
15. Article 32, Television and Video Law (The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No.
8/96), July 26, 1996, http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml96_08.html .
16. Chowdhury, “ The Role of the Internet in Burma ’ s Saffron Revolution. ”
17. Ibid.
18. International Telecommunications Union (ITU), “ Internet Indicators: Subscribers, Users
and Broadband Subscribers, ” 2009 fi gures. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/
ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic & ReportFormat
=HTML4.0 & RP_intYear=2009 & RP_intLanguageID=1 & RP_bitLiveData=False .