there is potential for the development of multi-chiral centre chromatographic separation. Also, coupling of various chiral columns is a potential alternative to resolve
stereomers of chiral pollutants with more than one chiral centre.
The detection problem of chiral pollutants, especially of the pesticides, may be
controlled using mass-selective detector hyphenated with high-resolution chromatographic systems. Almost all chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic modalities can be coupled with such detector types. More accurate results may be obtained
by LC-MS-MS or CE-MS-MS hyphenation (as already demonstrated in previous
chapters). These detectors are capable of analysing the chiral pollutants with low
detection limits. Moreover, the mass detector may be useful to solve reproducibility
problems. The modelling techniques may be useful to identify non-point sources of
pollution. Effective and applicable models should be developed to determine pollution sources.
11.4 Regulation and Control
In the case of the drugs and pharmaceuticals, it is well known that often one of the
enantiomers is pharmaceutically active while the other one may be toxic or inactive
and, thus, ballast or waste with regard to the expected biological effect. Similar
adverse bioactive characteristics were also reported for other classes of chiral
pollutants. The majority of the chiral pollutants are pesticides, about 28% of which
are chiral under environmental conditions (Ali, Kulsum et al., Petrie et al. 2015; Ye
et al. 2015; Sanganyado et al. 2017; Basheer 2018). Keeping these facts into
consideration, it is an urgent need to develop clear guidelines to control the chiral
pollutants (Hegeman and Laane 2002).
As mentioned above, guidelines to control chiral drugs and pharmaceuticals are
already existent (Campbell 1990; Wozniak et al. 1991; De Camp 1993; Witte et al.
1993; Landoni et al. 1997; Yao et al. 2018). These guidelines refer to new racemates
and the development of a single enantiomer from an approved racemate. But
unfortunately, there is no specific guideline for chiral pollutants of other bioactive
classes. The chiral pollutant racemate is treated as a single molecule in USA, Europe,
Canada, Australia, Japan and Russia. In 1999, EPA realised stereoselective health
hazards of phenoxy acid herbicides, organophosphate insecticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, polychlorinated plasticisers, freon substitutes, and o,p
0 -DDT and its
derivatives (Liu et al. 2005). However, the various agrochemical industries, regulatory agencies in Canada, USA, The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland
are working on chiral pollutants issues (Petrie et al. 2015; Basheer 2018). Therefore,
certain rules and regulations are required at the international level to get rid of the
adverse health effect, illusion and confusion created by the chiral pollutants.
11.4 Regulation and Control
311
stereomers of chiral pollutants with more than one chiral centre.
The detection problem of chiral pollutants, especially of the pesticides, may be
controlled using mass-selective detector hyphenated with high-resolution chromatographic systems. Almost all chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic modalities can be coupled with such detector types. More accurate results may be obtained
by LC-MS-MS or CE-MS-MS hyphenation (as already demonstrated in previous
chapters). These detectors are capable of analysing the chiral pollutants with low
detection limits. Moreover, the mass detector may be useful to solve reproducibility
problems. The modelling techniques may be useful to identify non-point sources of
pollution. Effective and applicable models should be developed to determine pollution sources.
11.4 Regulation and Control
In the case of the drugs and pharmaceuticals, it is well known that often one of the
enantiomers is pharmaceutically active while the other one may be toxic or inactive
and, thus, ballast or waste with regard to the expected biological effect. Similar
adverse bioactive characteristics were also reported for other classes of chiral
pollutants. The majority of the chiral pollutants are pesticides, about 28% of which
are chiral under environmental conditions (Ali, Kulsum et al., Petrie et al. 2015; Ye
et al. 2015; Sanganyado et al. 2017; Basheer 2018). Keeping these facts into
consideration, it is an urgent need to develop clear guidelines to control the chiral
pollutants (Hegeman and Laane 2002).
As mentioned above, guidelines to control chiral drugs and pharmaceuticals are
already existent (Campbell 1990; Wozniak et al. 1991; De Camp 1993; Witte et al.
1993; Landoni et al. 1997; Yao et al. 2018). These guidelines refer to new racemates
and the development of a single enantiomer from an approved racemate. But
unfortunately, there is no specific guideline for chiral pollutants of other bioactive
classes. The chiral pollutant racemate is treated as a single molecule in USA, Europe,
Canada, Australia, Japan and Russia. In 1999, EPA realised stereoselective health
hazards of phenoxy acid herbicides, organophosphate insecticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, polychlorinated plasticisers, freon substitutes, and o,p
0 -DDT and its
derivatives (Liu et al. 2005). However, the various agrochemical industries, regulatory agencies in Canada, USA, The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland
are working on chiral pollutants issues (Petrie et al. 2015; Basheer 2018). Therefore,
certain rules and regulations are required at the international level to get rid of the
adverse health effect, illusion and confusion created by the chiral pollutants.
11.4 Regulation and Control
311