processing and rigorous data analysis are required (Kafri and Lancet 2004; Ernst
2010; Hussain et al. 2015; Elder et al. 2020).
Chiral pollutants may exhibit enantioselective toxicities, which create adverse
health effects and diseases. Moreover, the dose of racemic chiral pesticides often is
not exactly known to control the pests properly. Chiral pollutants are continuously
contaminating the environment leading to bioaccumulation in various components
of the earth’s ecosystem. Enantioselective bioaccumulation in terms of
bioconcentration and biomagnification was also reported in the literature. Especially,
chiral pesticides are found in various tissues and organs of aquatic and terrestrial
animals including human beings. The different toxicities of the enantiomers still are
a challenge for researchers. Collective efforts of the chiral analysts, environmentalists, ecologists and Government authorities may help to overcome this challenge
(Ulrich et al. 2012; Connors et al. 2013; Hussain et al. 2015; Camacho-Munoz et al.
2016; Guo et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018; Li et al. 2020).
The solid-phase micro-membrane tip extraction (SPMMTE) sample preparation
method is the latest development in this area of chemical analysis (Sanagi et al. 2015,
2016a, b; Ali et al. 2016c). The different adsorbents can be used in this technique to
absorb the constituents of interest. This sample preparation method may be appropriate for low volumes of the samples. Moreover, SPMMTE may be highly useful
for the chiral pollutants of low concentrations. The possibility of experimental errors
is assumed to be low due to the nature of the experiments. Different types of
adsorbents may be used in SPMMTE, making it a wide range technique. Nowadays,
nano adsorbents are gaining importance in the sample preparation for the extraction
of various species from water (Ali et al. 2016a, b) due to their remarkable properties
(Ali 2012). Therefore, the restrictions and the challenges in the sample preparation
can be overcome by synthesising and utilising the nano adsorbents according to the
requirements. Besides, increased hyphenation of sampling devices with analytical
equipment is required. Chiral pollutants of the atmosphere may be extracted in liquid
by developing suitable protocols and methods. Then these chiral pollutants may be
analysed using enantioselective liquid chromatographic modalities.
Furthermore, microchip-based analytical techniques seem to be a remarkable
innovation in the separation science also for enantiomers. The microchip-based
analytical techniques include nano liquid chromatography (NLC) and nano capillary
electrophoresis (NCE) where enantioselectivity can take place (Aboul-Enein and Ali
2003, 2004). Only few studies have introduced so far enantioselective separation on
microchip-based platforms (Santilio et al. 2006; Nagl et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2012).
Hence, these modalities of chromatography have still to prove their potential for
monitoring the chiral pollutants. These may at least be attractive from an economical
point of view, because there is a great economic pressure due to the use of costly
chemicals in conventional chromatographic instruments.
Today, there is a great need to develop more advanced chiral stationary phases so
that the stereomers of the chiral pollutants having more than one chiral centre may be
studied in environmental samples (Aboul-Enein and Ali 2003, 2004). According to
our experience, polysaccharide chiral stationary phases are quite effective both in a
gas and liquid chromatographic context for compound-specific separations. Here,
310
11 Perspectives
2010; Hussain et al. 2015; Elder et al. 2020).
Chiral pollutants may exhibit enantioselective toxicities, which create adverse
health effects and diseases. Moreover, the dose of racemic chiral pesticides often is
not exactly known to control the pests properly. Chiral pollutants are continuously
contaminating the environment leading to bioaccumulation in various components
of the earth’s ecosystem. Enantioselective bioaccumulation in terms of
bioconcentration and biomagnification was also reported in the literature. Especially,
chiral pesticides are found in various tissues and organs of aquatic and terrestrial
animals including human beings. The different toxicities of the enantiomers still are
a challenge for researchers. Collective efforts of the chiral analysts, environmentalists, ecologists and Government authorities may help to overcome this challenge
(Ulrich et al. 2012; Connors et al. 2013; Hussain et al. 2015; Camacho-Munoz et al.
2016; Guo et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018; Li et al. 2020).
The solid-phase micro-membrane tip extraction (SPMMTE) sample preparation
method is the latest development in this area of chemical analysis (Sanagi et al. 2015,
2016a, b; Ali et al. 2016c). The different adsorbents can be used in this technique to
absorb the constituents of interest. This sample preparation method may be appropriate for low volumes of the samples. Moreover, SPMMTE may be highly useful
for the chiral pollutants of low concentrations. The possibility of experimental errors
is assumed to be low due to the nature of the experiments. Different types of
adsorbents may be used in SPMMTE, making it a wide range technique. Nowadays,
nano adsorbents are gaining importance in the sample preparation for the extraction
of various species from water (Ali et al. 2016a, b) due to their remarkable properties
(Ali 2012). Therefore, the restrictions and the challenges in the sample preparation
can be overcome by synthesising and utilising the nano adsorbents according to the
requirements. Besides, increased hyphenation of sampling devices with analytical
equipment is required. Chiral pollutants of the atmosphere may be extracted in liquid
by developing suitable protocols and methods. Then these chiral pollutants may be
analysed using enantioselective liquid chromatographic modalities.
Furthermore, microchip-based analytical techniques seem to be a remarkable
innovation in the separation science also for enantiomers. The microchip-based
analytical techniques include nano liquid chromatography (NLC) and nano capillary
electrophoresis (NCE) where enantioselectivity can take place (Aboul-Enein and Ali
2003, 2004). Only few studies have introduced so far enantioselective separation on
microchip-based platforms (Santilio et al. 2006; Nagl et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2012).
Hence, these modalities of chromatography have still to prove their potential for
monitoring the chiral pollutants. These may at least be attractive from an economical
point of view, because there is a great economic pressure due to the use of costly
chemicals in conventional chromatographic instruments.
Today, there is a great need to develop more advanced chiral stationary phases so
that the stereomers of the chiral pollutants having more than one chiral centre may be
studied in environmental samples (Aboul-Enein and Ali 2003, 2004). According to
our experience, polysaccharide chiral stationary phases are quite effective both in a
gas and liquid chromatographic context for compound-specific separations. Here,
310
11 Perspectives