Ruan Y, Wu R, Lam JCW, Zhang K, Lam PKS (2019) Seasonal occurrence and fate of chiral
pharmaceuticals in different sewage treatment systems in Hong Kong: mass balance, enantiomeric profiling, and risk assessment. Water Res 149:607–616
Ruan Y, Lin H, Zhang X, Wu R, Zhang K, Leung KMY, Lam JCW, Lam PKS (2020) Enantiomerspecific bioaccumulation and distribution of chiral pharmaceuticals in a subtropical marine food
web. J Hazard Mater 394:122589
Safe S (1990) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support
the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit Rev Toxicol 21(1):51–88
Saleh MA (1991) Toxaphene: chemistry, biochemistry, toxicity and environmental fate. Rev
Environ Contam Toxicol 118:1–85
Sanchez-Osorio JL, Macias-Zamora JV, Ramirez-Alvarez N, Bidleman TF (2017) Organochlorine
pesticides in residential soils and sediments within two main agricultural areas of northwest
Mexico: concentrations, enantiomer compositions and potential sources. Chemosphere
173:275–287
Sanderson H, Johnson DJ, Wilson CJ, Brain RA, Solomon KR (2003) Probabilistic hazard
assessment of environmentally occurring pharmaceuticals toxicity to fish, daphnids and algae
by ECOSAR screening. Toxicol Lett 144(3):383–395
Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J (2017) Chiral pharmaceuticals: a review on their
environmental occurrence and fate processes. Water Res 124:527–542
Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Liu W (2020) Application of enantiomeric fractions in environmental
forensics: uncertainties and inconsistencies. Environ Res 184:109354
Schnitzler JG, Reckendorf A, Pinzone M, Autenrieth M, Tiedemann R, Covaci A, Malarvannan G,
Ruser A, Das K, Siebert U (2019) Supporting evidence for PCB pollution threatening global
killer whale population. Aquat Toxicol 206:102–104
Segall Y (2011) Biomimetic chemistry as a useful tool for studying reactive metabolites of
pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 59(7):2845–2856
Simidu U, Noguchi T, Hwang DF, Shida Y, Hashimoto K (1987) Marine bacteria which produce
tetrodotoxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 53(7):1714
Simu GM, Atchana J, Soica CM, Coricovac DE, Simu SC, Dehelean CA (2020) Pharmaceutical
mixtures: still a concern for human and environmental health. Curr Med Chem 27(1):121–153
Skulberg OM (1984) Toxic blue-green algal blooms in Europe : a growing problems. Ambio
13:244–247
Slater H, Gouin T, Leigh MB (2011) Assessing the potential for rhizoremediation of PCB
contaminated soils in northern regions using native tree species. Chemosphere 84(2):199–206
Smith GJ (1993) Toxicology & pesticide use in relation to wildlife : organophosphorus & carbamate compounds. C.K. Smoley, Boca Raton, FL
Smith SW (2009) Chiral toxicology: it’s the same thing...only different. Toxicol Sci 110(1):4–30
Smithgall TE, Harvey RG, Penning TM (1986) Regio- and stereospecificity of homogeneous
3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase for trans-dihydrodiol metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Biol Chem 261(14):6184–6191
Smithgall TE, Harvey RG, Penning TM (1988) Oxidation of the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites
of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and other benz(a)anthracene derivatives by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase: effects of methyl substitution on
velocity and stereochemical course of trans-dihydrodiol oxidation. Cancer Res 48
(5):1227–1232
Song L, Pan M, Zhao R, Deng J, Wu Y (2020) Recent advances, challenges and perspectives in
enantioselective release. J Control Release 324:156–171
Souchier M, Benali-Raclot D, Casellas C, Ingrand V, Chiron S (2016) Enantiomeric fractionation as
a tool for quantitative assessment of biodegradation: the case of metoprolol. Water Res
95:19–26
302
10 Chirality in Environmental Toxicity and Fate Assessments
pharmaceuticals in different sewage treatment systems in Hong Kong: mass balance, enantiomeric profiling, and risk assessment. Water Res 149:607–616
Ruan Y, Lin H, Zhang X, Wu R, Zhang K, Leung KMY, Lam JCW, Lam PKS (2020) Enantiomerspecific bioaccumulation and distribution of chiral pharmaceuticals in a subtropical marine food
web. J Hazard Mater 394:122589
Safe S (1990) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support
the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit Rev Toxicol 21(1):51–88
Saleh MA (1991) Toxaphene: chemistry, biochemistry, toxicity and environmental fate. Rev
Environ Contam Toxicol 118:1–85
Sanchez-Osorio JL, Macias-Zamora JV, Ramirez-Alvarez N, Bidleman TF (2017) Organochlorine
pesticides in residential soils and sediments within two main agricultural areas of northwest
Mexico: concentrations, enantiomer compositions and potential sources. Chemosphere
173:275–287
Sanderson H, Johnson DJ, Wilson CJ, Brain RA, Solomon KR (2003) Probabilistic hazard
assessment of environmentally occurring pharmaceuticals toxicity to fish, daphnids and algae
by ECOSAR screening. Toxicol Lett 144(3):383–395
Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J (2017) Chiral pharmaceuticals: a review on their
environmental occurrence and fate processes. Water Res 124:527–542
Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Liu W (2020) Application of enantiomeric fractions in environmental
forensics: uncertainties and inconsistencies. Environ Res 184:109354
Schnitzler JG, Reckendorf A, Pinzone M, Autenrieth M, Tiedemann R, Covaci A, Malarvannan G,
Ruser A, Das K, Siebert U (2019) Supporting evidence for PCB pollution threatening global
killer whale population. Aquat Toxicol 206:102–104
Segall Y (2011) Biomimetic chemistry as a useful tool for studying reactive metabolites of
pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 59(7):2845–2856
Simidu U, Noguchi T, Hwang DF, Shida Y, Hashimoto K (1987) Marine bacteria which produce
tetrodotoxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 53(7):1714
Simu GM, Atchana J, Soica CM, Coricovac DE, Simu SC, Dehelean CA (2020) Pharmaceutical
mixtures: still a concern for human and environmental health. Curr Med Chem 27(1):121–153
Skulberg OM (1984) Toxic blue-green algal blooms in Europe : a growing problems. Ambio
13:244–247
Slater H, Gouin T, Leigh MB (2011) Assessing the potential for rhizoremediation of PCB
contaminated soils in northern regions using native tree species. Chemosphere 84(2):199–206
Smith GJ (1993) Toxicology & pesticide use in relation to wildlife : organophosphorus & carbamate compounds. C.K. Smoley, Boca Raton, FL
Smith SW (2009) Chiral toxicology: it’s the same thing...only different. Toxicol Sci 110(1):4–30
Smithgall TE, Harvey RG, Penning TM (1986) Regio- and stereospecificity of homogeneous
3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase for trans-dihydrodiol metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Biol Chem 261(14):6184–6191
Smithgall TE, Harvey RG, Penning TM (1988) Oxidation of the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites
of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and other benz(a)anthracene derivatives by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase: effects of methyl substitution on
velocity and stereochemical course of trans-dihydrodiol oxidation. Cancer Res 48
(5):1227–1232
Song L, Pan M, Zhao R, Deng J, Wu Y (2020) Recent advances, challenges and perspectives in
enantioselective release. J Control Release 324:156–171
Souchier M, Benali-Raclot D, Casellas C, Ingrand V, Chiron S (2016) Enantiomeric fractionation as
a tool for quantitative assessment of biodegradation: the case of metoprolol. Water Res
95:19–26
302
10 Chirality in Environmental Toxicity and Fate Assessments