(Ali et al. 2005; Stanley et al. 2006). This may be owing to the catalytic properties of
one enantiomer to the other (Kovatcheva et al. 2005). This cannot simply be
concluded from an ER of EF, whereas quantitative structural activity relationships
(QSARs) may take into justification three-dimensional configuration such as chirality (Kovatcheva et al. 2005). Studies representing trustworthy expectation of
enantiospecific toxicity to non-target creatures cannot be found in the literature.
Garrison (2006) recommended that evolving an ability to forecast enantioselectivity
should be the final aim of enantiospecific research, as this would permit producers to
develop enantiomer formulations, which lead to a decrease in the total amount of
chemicals hosted into the environment. For example, improved QSAR modelling
relations may account for mode of action precise responses (Brooks et al. 2009),
which are classically not recognised when old QSAR methods have been used to
pharmaceuticals in the environment (Sanderson et al. 2003). Ignoring
enantiospecific alterations in effects and fate for chiral molecules by executing an
environmental risk evaluation on a chiral compound as if it was not chiral may lead
to unpredictable risks. For example, if achiral analytical methods are utilised, if
enantiospecific changes in biotransformation exist, and if the more toxic enantiomer
is favourably transformed, then there is a risk and toxicity will be overvalued (Wong
2006). By contrast, if the less noxious enantiomer is favourably transformed, the
danger will be undervalued. Such inexactitudes have the possibility to lead to either
excessively strict environmental rules or inadequate environmental security. These
two scenarios have the prospective to unreasonably expand societal consequences
linked with environmental restoration and remediation efforts.
References
Adams EM, von Hippel FA, Hungate BA, Buck CL (2019) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
contamination of subsistence species on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Archipelago. Heliyon
5(12):e02989
Agrawal YK, Bhatt HG, Raval HG, Oza PM, Gogoi PJ (2007) Chirality—a new era of therapeutics.
Mini Rev Med Chem 7(5):451–460
Ahlborg UG, Hanberg A (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Environ Sci Pollut
Res Int 1(2):67–68
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY (2002) Determination of chiral ratio of o,p-DDT and o,p-DDD pesticides on
polysaccharides chiral stationary phases by HPLC under reversed-phase mode. Environ Toxicol
17(4):329–333
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY (2004) Chiral pollutants: distribution, toxicity, and analysis by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Ali I, Kulsum U, Saleem K, Hussain A (2000) Chiral pollutants. Wiley
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Ghanem A (2005) Enantioselective toxicity and carcinogenesis. Curr
Pharm Anal 1(1):109–125
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Sanagi MM, Wan-ibrahim WA (2012) Chirality and its role in environmental toxicology. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Volume
3: Environmental toxicology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 413–436
References
293
one enantiomer to the other (Kovatcheva et al. 2005). This cannot simply be
concluded from an ER of EF, whereas quantitative structural activity relationships
(QSARs) may take into justification three-dimensional configuration such as chirality (Kovatcheva et al. 2005). Studies representing trustworthy expectation of
enantiospecific toxicity to non-target creatures cannot be found in the literature.
Garrison (2006) recommended that evolving an ability to forecast enantioselectivity
should be the final aim of enantiospecific research, as this would permit producers to
develop enantiomer formulations, which lead to a decrease in the total amount of
chemicals hosted into the environment. For example, improved QSAR modelling
relations may account for mode of action precise responses (Brooks et al. 2009),
which are classically not recognised when old QSAR methods have been used to
pharmaceuticals in the environment (Sanderson et al. 2003). Ignoring
enantiospecific alterations in effects and fate for chiral molecules by executing an
environmental risk evaluation on a chiral compound as if it was not chiral may lead
to unpredictable risks. For example, if achiral analytical methods are utilised, if
enantiospecific changes in biotransformation exist, and if the more toxic enantiomer
is favourably transformed, then there is a risk and toxicity will be overvalued (Wong
2006). By contrast, if the less noxious enantiomer is favourably transformed, the
danger will be undervalued. Such inexactitudes have the possibility to lead to either
excessively strict environmental rules or inadequate environmental security. These
two scenarios have the prospective to unreasonably expand societal consequences
linked with environmental restoration and remediation efforts.
References
Adams EM, von Hippel FA, Hungate BA, Buck CL (2019) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
contamination of subsistence species on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Archipelago. Heliyon
5(12):e02989
Agrawal YK, Bhatt HG, Raval HG, Oza PM, Gogoi PJ (2007) Chirality—a new era of therapeutics.
Mini Rev Med Chem 7(5):451–460
Ahlborg UG, Hanberg A (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Environ Sci Pollut
Res Int 1(2):67–68
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY (2002) Determination of chiral ratio of o,p-DDT and o,p-DDD pesticides on
polysaccharides chiral stationary phases by HPLC under reversed-phase mode. Environ Toxicol
17(4):329–333
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY (2004) Chiral pollutants: distribution, toxicity, and analysis by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Ali I, Kulsum U, Saleem K, Hussain A (2000) Chiral pollutants. Wiley
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Ghanem A (2005) Enantioselective toxicity and carcinogenesis. Curr
Pharm Anal 1(1):109–125
Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Sanagi MM, Wan-ibrahim WA (2012) Chirality and its role in environmental toxicology. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Volume
3: Environmental toxicology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 413–436
References
293