Kümmerer (2004, 2008), Kümmerer and Hempel (2010) described input, occurrence, elimination (e.g. biodegradability) and possible effects of the different pharmaceuticals such as anti-tumour drugs, antibiotics and contrast media as well as
AOX resulting from hospital effluent input into sewage and surface waters. Furthermore, the same author (Kummerer 2001) described the route of pharmaceuticals to
surface, ground and drinking waters, discussing a potential disturbance of wastewater treatment due to antibiotics (anti-bacterial agents). The author also reported an
input by different sources, occurrence and elimination of the different pharmaceutical groups such as antibiotics, anti-tumour drugs, anaesthetics and contrast media
as well as AOX resulting from hospital effluent input into sewage water and surface.
Sui et al. (2015) described wastewater and contaminated surface water, landfills,
septic systems, livestock breeding and sewer leakage as the major sources of
different drugs. The authors described pollution due to antibiotics, antiinflammatories, lipid-regulators, carbamazepine, caffeine, and N,N-diethyl-mtoluamide. Bartikova et al. (2016) described the major sources of contamination of
veterinary drugs. The authors reported aquaculture production as the major sources.
Besides, the treatment processes, inappropriate disposal of used containers, unused
medicine or livestock feed and manufacturing processes were also coined as the
main sources of pollution. The authors reviewed antibiotics, anti-parasitic, antifungal, hormone, anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic and sedative drugs. For further reviews
on sources, occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment (including
chiral contaminants), the reader should refer to recently published overview articles
(Nikolaou et al. 2007; Sanganyado et al. 2017; Desbiolles et al. 2018; Kallenborn
et al. 2018; Kar et al. 2018; Carter et al. 2019; Pereira et al. 2020; Simu et al. 2020).
Fig. 9.2 Entry route of drugs, pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the environment
9.8 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
265
AOX resulting from hospital effluent input into sewage and surface waters. Furthermore, the same author (Kummerer 2001) described the route of pharmaceuticals to
surface, ground and drinking waters, discussing a potential disturbance of wastewater treatment due to antibiotics (anti-bacterial agents). The author also reported an
input by different sources, occurrence and elimination of the different pharmaceutical groups such as antibiotics, anti-tumour drugs, anaesthetics and contrast media
as well as AOX resulting from hospital effluent input into sewage water and surface.
Sui et al. (2015) described wastewater and contaminated surface water, landfills,
septic systems, livestock breeding and sewer leakage as the major sources of
different drugs. The authors described pollution due to antibiotics, antiinflammatories, lipid-regulators, carbamazepine, caffeine, and N,N-diethyl-mtoluamide. Bartikova et al. (2016) described the major sources of contamination of
veterinary drugs. The authors reported aquaculture production as the major sources.
Besides, the treatment processes, inappropriate disposal of used containers, unused
medicine or livestock feed and manufacturing processes were also coined as the
main sources of pollution. The authors reviewed antibiotics, anti-parasitic, antifungal, hormone, anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic and sedative drugs. For further reviews
on sources, occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment (including
chiral contaminants), the reader should refer to recently published overview articles
(Nikolaou et al. 2007; Sanganyado et al. 2017; Desbiolles et al. 2018; Kallenborn
et al. 2018; Kar et al. 2018; Carter et al. 2019; Pereira et al. 2020; Simu et al. 2020).
Fig. 9.2 Entry route of drugs, pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the environment
9.8 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
265