Besides, many zinc complexes of chiral phenols have been used as catalysts for
enantioselective addition of organozinc reagents to aldehydes (Corey and Hannon
1987). In general, phenols irritate skin and cause its necrosis, and damages kidneys,
liver, muscle and eyes. Furthermore, they are also mutagenic in nature (Duan et al.
2018; Noszczynska and Piotrowska-Seget 2018; de Bruin et al. 2019; Garba et al.
2019; Olaniyan et al. 2020).
Potential pollution sources are both anthropogenic and natural. The point source
pollution includes chemical industries, laboratories and household activities. The
non-point sources are agricultural run-off. The leaching of water to ground water
during rainy seasons and agriculture is also contaminating ground water. The
phenolic resins used as a binding material in insulation materials, chipboard, paints
and casting sand foundries are the major sources. The phenols are also released via
automobile exhaust, fireplaces, cigarette smoke and emissions from incinerators
(Andra et al. 2015; Ayanda et al. 2016; Muhamad et al. 2016; Garba et al. 2019;
Zwierello et al. 2020). Murillo-Torres et al. (2012) reported 4-nonylphenol in three
different soils from where it reaches both surface and ground water.
A variety of environmental phenols are chiral and their presence and fate in the
environment are currently investigated (Basheer 2018) and their relevance as
enantioselective environmental indicator chemicals is acknowledged (Wong
2006). Only a few studies, however, report on the enantioselective profiles of
phenols in environmental samples such as soil degradation (Zhang et al. 2009) and
coastal marine environments (Ludwig et al. 1992). Hence, a stronger focus on these
industrial chemicals as chiral indicators for environmental source elucidation is
recommended. The main sources of phenolic compound pollution are listed in
Table 9.6.
Table 9.5 Point and diffusive sources for plasticisers and other additives for environmental
contamination
Point sources
Non-point sources (Diffusive)
Industrial production and discharge
Atmospheric and water-borne contamination
Rural and urban sewage sludge and
black water
Seepage and contaminated waters (waste dumps and
garbage facilities)
Direct municipal and industrial wastewater discharges
Historical contamination sites (naturalised waste
dumps, industrial areas)
garbage dumps, land fill wastes
Direct exposure (toys, tools, etc.)
Indoor surface and utilities
9.7 Phenolic Compounds
263
enantioselective addition of organozinc reagents to aldehydes (Corey and Hannon
1987). In general, phenols irritate skin and cause its necrosis, and damages kidneys,
liver, muscle and eyes. Furthermore, they are also mutagenic in nature (Duan et al.
2018; Noszczynska and Piotrowska-Seget 2018; de Bruin et al. 2019; Garba et al.
2019; Olaniyan et al. 2020).
Potential pollution sources are both anthropogenic and natural. The point source
pollution includes chemical industries, laboratories and household activities. The
non-point sources are agricultural run-off. The leaching of water to ground water
during rainy seasons and agriculture is also contaminating ground water. The
phenolic resins used as a binding material in insulation materials, chipboard, paints
and casting sand foundries are the major sources. The phenols are also released via
automobile exhaust, fireplaces, cigarette smoke and emissions from incinerators
(Andra et al. 2015; Ayanda et al. 2016; Muhamad et al. 2016; Garba et al. 2019;
Zwierello et al. 2020). Murillo-Torres et al. (2012) reported 4-nonylphenol in three
different soils from where it reaches both surface and ground water.
A variety of environmental phenols are chiral and their presence and fate in the
environment are currently investigated (Basheer 2018) and their relevance as
enantioselective environmental indicator chemicals is acknowledged (Wong
2006). Only a few studies, however, report on the enantioselective profiles of
phenols in environmental samples such as soil degradation (Zhang et al. 2009) and
coastal marine environments (Ludwig et al. 1992). Hence, a stronger focus on these
industrial chemicals as chiral indicators for environmental source elucidation is
recommended. The main sources of phenolic compound pollution are listed in
Table 9.6.
Table 9.5 Point and diffusive sources for plasticisers and other additives for environmental
contamination
Point sources
Non-point sources (Diffusive)
Industrial production and discharge
Atmospheric and water-borne contamination
Rural and urban sewage sludge and
black water
Seepage and contaminated waters (waste dumps and
garbage facilities)
Direct municipal and industrial wastewater discharges
Historical contamination sites (naturalised waste
dumps, industrial areas)
garbage dumps, land fill wastes
Direct exposure (toys, tools, etc.)
Indoor surface and utilities
9.7 Phenolic Compounds
263