67
28. Gastaldi G, Giacobino JP, Ruiz J. Metabolic syndrome, a mitochondrial disease? Rev Med.
2008;4:1387–8.
29. Kowaltowski AJ, de Souza-Pinto NC, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Mitochondria and reactive
oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47:333–43.
30. Choksi KB, Boylston WH, Rabek JP, Widger WR, Papaconstantinou J. Oxidatively damaged proteins of heart mitochondrial electron transport complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta.
2004;1688:95–101.
31. Woo C-Y, Jang JE, Lee SE, Koh EH, Lee K-U. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes as a
primary cause of adipose tissue inflammation. Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(3):247–56.
32. Zhang E, Al-Amily IM, Mohammed S, Luan C, Asplund O, Ahmed M, Ye Y, Ben-Hail D, Soni
A, Vishnu N, Bompada P, De Marinis Y, Groop L, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Renström E, Wollheim
CB, Salehi A. Preserving insulin secretion in diabetes by inhibiting VDAC1 overexpression
and surface translocation in β cells. Cell Metab. 2019;29:64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cmet.2018.09.008.
33. Sparks LM, Xie H, Koza RA, Mynatt R, Hulver MW, Bray GA, Smith SR. A highfat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal
muscle. Diabetes. 2005;54:1926–33.
34. Ashrafian H, Frenneaux MP, Opie LH. Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure. Circulation.
2007;116:434–48.
35. Ajayi EIO, Molehin OR, Oloyede OI, Kumar V, Amara VR, Kaur J, Karpe P, Tikoo K. Liver
mitochondrial membrane permeability modulation in insulin-resistant, uninephrectomised
male rats by Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv and Manihot esculenta Crantz. Clin Phytosci.
2019;5:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0124-0.
36. Sergi D, Naumovski N, Heilbronn LK, Abeywardena M, O’Callaghan N, Lionetti L,
Luscombe-Marsh N. Mitochondrial (Dys)function and insulin resistance: from pathophysiological molecular mechanisms to the impact of diet. Front Physiol. 2019;10:532. https://doi.
org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00532.
37. Sung HK, Song E, Jahng JWS, Pantopoulos K, Sweeney G. Iron induces insulin resistance
in cardiomyocytes via regulation of oxidative stress. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4668. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-41111-6.
38. Irving BA, Nair KS. Aging and diabetes: mitochondrial dysfunction. Curr Diab Rep.
2007;7:249–51.
39. Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, Miyazaki Y, Kohane I,
Costello M, Saccone R, Landaker EJ, Goldfine AB, Mun E, DeFronzo R, Finlayson J, Kahn
CR, Mandarino LJ. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with
insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2003;100:8466–71.
40. Corral-Debrinski M, Horton T, Lott MT, Shoffner JM, Beal MF, Wallace DC. Mitochondrial
DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age. Nat
Genet. 1992;2:324–9.
41. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell
B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell. 1999;98:115–24.
42. Brown GC, Borutaite V. There is no evidence that mitochondria are the main source of reactive
oxygen species in mammalian cells. Mitochondrion. 2012;12:1–4.
43. Rigotto G, Basso E. Mitochondrial dysfunctions: a thread sewing together alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and obesity. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019;2019:7210892. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2019/7210892.
44. Wardelmann K, Blümel S, Rath M, Alfine E, Chudoba C, Schell M, Cai W, Hauffe R, Warnke
K, Flore T, Ritter K, Weiß J, Kahn CR, Kleinridders A. Insulin action in the brain regulates
mitochondrial stress responses and reduces diet-induced weight gain. Molecular Metabolism.
2019;21:68–81.
3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders
28. Gastaldi G, Giacobino JP, Ruiz J. Metabolic syndrome, a mitochondrial disease? Rev Med.
2008;4:1387–8.
29. Kowaltowski AJ, de Souza-Pinto NC, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Mitochondria and reactive
oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47:333–43.
30. Choksi KB, Boylston WH, Rabek JP, Widger WR, Papaconstantinou J. Oxidatively damaged proteins of heart mitochondrial electron transport complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta.
2004;1688:95–101.
31. Woo C-Y, Jang JE, Lee SE, Koh EH, Lee K-U. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes as a
primary cause of adipose tissue inflammation. Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(3):247–56.
32. Zhang E, Al-Amily IM, Mohammed S, Luan C, Asplund O, Ahmed M, Ye Y, Ben-Hail D, Soni
A, Vishnu N, Bompada P, De Marinis Y, Groop L, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Renström E, Wollheim
CB, Salehi A. Preserving insulin secretion in diabetes by inhibiting VDAC1 overexpression
and surface translocation in β cells. Cell Metab. 2019;29:64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cmet.2018.09.008.
33. Sparks LM, Xie H, Koza RA, Mynatt R, Hulver MW, Bray GA, Smith SR. A highfat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal
muscle. Diabetes. 2005;54:1926–33.
34. Ashrafian H, Frenneaux MP, Opie LH. Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure. Circulation.
2007;116:434–48.
35. Ajayi EIO, Molehin OR, Oloyede OI, Kumar V, Amara VR, Kaur J, Karpe P, Tikoo K. Liver
mitochondrial membrane permeability modulation in insulin-resistant, uninephrectomised
male rats by Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv and Manihot esculenta Crantz. Clin Phytosci.
2019;5:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0124-0.
36. Sergi D, Naumovski N, Heilbronn LK, Abeywardena M, O’Callaghan N, Lionetti L,
Luscombe-Marsh N. Mitochondrial (Dys)function and insulin resistance: from pathophysiological molecular mechanisms to the impact of diet. Front Physiol. 2019;10:532. https://doi.
org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00532.
37. Sung HK, Song E, Jahng JWS, Pantopoulos K, Sweeney G. Iron induces insulin resistance
in cardiomyocytes via regulation of oxidative stress. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4668. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-41111-6.
38. Irving BA, Nair KS. Aging and diabetes: mitochondrial dysfunction. Curr Diab Rep.
2007;7:249–51.
39. Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, Miyazaki Y, Kohane I,
Costello M, Saccone R, Landaker EJ, Goldfine AB, Mun E, DeFronzo R, Finlayson J, Kahn
CR, Mandarino LJ. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with
insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2003;100:8466–71.
40. Corral-Debrinski M, Horton T, Lott MT, Shoffner JM, Beal MF, Wallace DC. Mitochondrial
DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age. Nat
Genet. 1992;2:324–9.
41. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell
B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell. 1999;98:115–24.
42. Brown GC, Borutaite V. There is no evidence that mitochondria are the main source of reactive
oxygen species in mammalian cells. Mitochondrion. 2012;12:1–4.
43. Rigotto G, Basso E. Mitochondrial dysfunctions: a thread sewing together alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and obesity. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019;2019:7210892. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2019/7210892.
44. Wardelmann K, Blümel S, Rath M, Alfine E, Chudoba C, Schell M, Cai W, Hauffe R, Warnke
K, Flore T, Ritter K, Weiß J, Kahn CR, Kleinridders A. Insulin action in the brain regulates
mitochondrial stress responses and reduces diet-induced weight gain. Molecular Metabolism.
2019;21:68–81.
3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders