66
3. Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Mitochondrial aging and
age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:238463.
4. Halliwell B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of
aerobic life. Plant Physiol. 2006;141:312–22.
5. Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J
Hypertens. 2000;18:655–73.
6. Schwarz PE, Reimann M, Li J, Bergmann A, Licinio J, Wong ML, Bornstein SR. The metabolic syndrome - a global challenge for prevention. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39:777–80.
7. Pollex RL, Hegele RA. Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Clin Pract
Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3:482–9.
8. Reddy PH, Reddy TP, Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Shirendeb U, Mao P. Dynaminrelated protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev.
2011;67:103–18.
9. Chen XJ, Butow RA. The organization and inheritance of the mitochondrial genome. Nat Rev
Genet. 2005;6:815–25.
10. Sherratt HS. Mitochondria: structure and function. Rev Neurol. 1991;147(6–7):417–30.
11. Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, Starkov AA. Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen
species. Biochem Biokhimiia. 2005;70:200–14.
12. Murphy MP. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J. 2009;417:1–13.
13. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants
in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 2006;160:1–40.
14. Canto C, Auwerx J. PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls
energy expenditure. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20:98–105.
15. Reddy PH. Mitochondrial oxidative damage in aging and Alzheimer’s disease: implications for
mitochondrially targeted antioxidant therapeutics. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2006;2006:31372.
16. Ventura-Clapier R, Garnier A, Veksler V. Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis:
the central role of PGC-1alpha. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;79:208–17.
17. Virbasius JV, Scarpulla RC. Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene
by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial
gene expression in organelle biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:1309–13.
18. Reznick RM, Shulman GI. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mitochondrial biogenesis. J Physiol. 2006;574:33–9.
19. Hales KG. The machinery of mitochondrial fusion, division, and distribution, and emerging
connections to apoptosis. Mitochondrion. 2004;4:285–308.
20. Shaw JM, Nunnari J. Mitochondrial dynamics and division in budding yeast. Trends Cell Biol.
2002;12:178–84.
21. Ding WX, Yin XM. Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis. Biol
Chem. 2012;393:547–64.
22. Wai T, Langer T. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic regulation. Trends Endocrinol.
Metab. 2016;27:105–17.
23. Cipolat S, Martins de Brito O, Dal Zilio B, Scorrano L. OPA1 requires mitofusin 1 to promote
mitochondrial fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:15927–32.
24. Twig G, Hyde B, Shirihai OS. Mitochondrial fusion, fission and autophagy as a quality control
axis: the bioenergetic view. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1777:1092–7.
25. Reddy PH, Tripathi R, Troung Q, Tirumala K, Reddy TP, Anekonda V, Shirendeb UP, Calkins
MJ, Reddy AP, Mao P, Manczak M. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration as early events in Alzheimer’s disease: implications to mitochondria-targeted antioxidant
therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822:639–49.
26. Pieczenik SR, Neustadt J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease. Exp
Mol Pathol. 2007;83:84–92.
27. Harper ME, Bevilacqua L, Hagopian K, Weindruch R, Ramsey JJ. Ageing, oxidative stress,
and mitochondrial uncoupling. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;182:321–31.
G. Murtaza et al.
3. Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Mitochondrial aging and
age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:238463.
4. Halliwell B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of
aerobic life. Plant Physiol. 2006;141:312–22.
5. Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J
Hypertens. 2000;18:655–73.
6. Schwarz PE, Reimann M, Li J, Bergmann A, Licinio J, Wong ML, Bornstein SR. The metabolic syndrome - a global challenge for prevention. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39:777–80.
7. Pollex RL, Hegele RA. Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Clin Pract
Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3:482–9.
8. Reddy PH, Reddy TP, Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Shirendeb U, Mao P. Dynaminrelated protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev.
2011;67:103–18.
9. Chen XJ, Butow RA. The organization and inheritance of the mitochondrial genome. Nat Rev
Genet. 2005;6:815–25.
10. Sherratt HS. Mitochondria: structure and function. Rev Neurol. 1991;147(6–7):417–30.
11. Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, Starkov AA. Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen
species. Biochem Biokhimiia. 2005;70:200–14.
12. Murphy MP. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J. 2009;417:1–13.
13. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants
in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 2006;160:1–40.
14. Canto C, Auwerx J. PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls
energy expenditure. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20:98–105.
15. Reddy PH. Mitochondrial oxidative damage in aging and Alzheimer’s disease: implications for
mitochondrially targeted antioxidant therapeutics. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2006;2006:31372.
16. Ventura-Clapier R, Garnier A, Veksler V. Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis:
the central role of PGC-1alpha. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;79:208–17.
17. Virbasius JV, Scarpulla RC. Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene
by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial
gene expression in organelle biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:1309–13.
18. Reznick RM, Shulman GI. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mitochondrial biogenesis. J Physiol. 2006;574:33–9.
19. Hales KG. The machinery of mitochondrial fusion, division, and distribution, and emerging
connections to apoptosis. Mitochondrion. 2004;4:285–308.
20. Shaw JM, Nunnari J. Mitochondrial dynamics and division in budding yeast. Trends Cell Biol.
2002;12:178–84.
21. Ding WX, Yin XM. Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis. Biol
Chem. 2012;393:547–64.
22. Wai T, Langer T. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic regulation. Trends Endocrinol.
Metab. 2016;27:105–17.
23. Cipolat S, Martins de Brito O, Dal Zilio B, Scorrano L. OPA1 requires mitofusin 1 to promote
mitochondrial fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:15927–32.
24. Twig G, Hyde B, Shirihai OS. Mitochondrial fusion, fission and autophagy as a quality control
axis: the bioenergetic view. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1777:1092–7.
25. Reddy PH, Tripathi R, Troung Q, Tirumala K, Reddy TP, Anekonda V, Shirendeb UP, Calkins
MJ, Reddy AP, Mao P, Manczak M. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration as early events in Alzheimer’s disease: implications to mitochondria-targeted antioxidant
therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822:639–49.
26. Pieczenik SR, Neustadt J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease. Exp
Mol Pathol. 2007;83:84–92.
27. Harper ME, Bevilacqua L, Hagopian K, Weindruch R, Ramsey JJ. Ageing, oxidative stress,
and mitochondrial uncoupling. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;182:321–31.
G. Murtaza et al.