41
55. Chapman IM, Galactorrhea. 2019. Available from https://www.merckmanuals.com/
professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/galactorrhea.
56. Hirsch IH. Overview of sexual dysfunction in men. Kenilworth: Merk; 2019. Available from
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-dysfunction-in-men/
overview-of-sexual-dysfunction-in-men.
57. Chapman IM. Introduction to pituitary disorders Merk manual. Kenilworth:
Merk; 2019. Available from https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/
endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/introduction-to-pituitary-disorders.
58. Shanker JH, Mahmood SE, Joshi MC, Shaifali I. Obesity indices amongst diabetics in an urban
population of Western Nepal. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(134):2.
59. Uppu R, Parinandi N. Insulin sensitization and resistance interrelationship revisited with a
quantitative molecular model approach. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(106):2.
60. Nichol A, Chandra Sekar M. Successful management of extremel y insulin-resistant obese
diabetic Patient with insulin glargine, U-500 regula r insulin and pramlintide. J Diab Metab.
2011;2:143.
61. Taxitiemuer A, Yimamu Y, Mohemaiti P, Nuli R. Serum metabonomic study of 2 uyghur probable MODY families based on 1H NMR. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(122):2.
62. Hellwege JN, Hicks PJ, Palmer ND, Ng MC, Freedman BI, Bowden DW. Examination
of rare variants in HNF4 α in European Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Diab Metab.
2011;2(145):1000145.
63. Lemos Costa T, Detsch J, Pimazoni-Netto A, de Almeida A, Sztal-Mazer S. Glycemic variability and mean weekly glucose in the evaluation and treatment of blood glucose in gestational
diabetes mellitus; evidence for lower neonatal complications. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(137):2–5.
64. Vanita P, Jhansi K. Metabolic syndrome in endocrine system. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(163):2.
65. Sokup A, Ruszkowska B, Goralczyk B, Goralczyk K, Szymański M, Grabiec M, et al.
Elevation of sE-selectin levels 2–24 months following gestational diabetes is associated with
early cardiometabolic risk in nondiabetic women. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:278050.
66. Saini A, Devidayal VS, Bhalla A. Comparative efficacy of once daily insulin glargine with
twice daily NPH insulin in children with type 1 diabetes. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(124):2.
67. Kamoi K. Normal response of active GLP-1 level like substances to test meal in non-obese
type 2 diabetic Japanese patients with complications and receiving treatments. J Diab Metab.
2011;2:147.
68. Li Y-L. Elevated angiotensin II in rat nodose ganglia primes diabetes-blunted arterial baroreflex sensitivity: involvement of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide. J Diab Metab.
2011;2(6):1000135.
69. Soumya D, Srilatha B. Late stage complications of diabetes and insulin resistance. J Diab
Metab. 2011;2(9):1000167.
70. Abo-El-Asrar M, Farid S, El Maraghy M, Mohamedeen A. Serum osteocalcin, zinc nutritive status and bone turnover in children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. J Diab
Metab. 2011;2(128):2.
71. El Asrar MA, Adly AA, El Hadidi E, Gharib M. Serum and urinary nitrites and nitrates and
doppler sonography in detection of early diabetic complications. J Diab Metab. 2011;2:1.
72. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diab Care. 2003;26(6):1902–12.
73. Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(12):3169–76.
74. Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999;15(6):412–26.
75. Kerl ME. Diabetic ketoacidosis: pathophysiology and clinical and laboratory presentation.
Compendium. 2001;23(3):220–8.
76. Koul PB. Diabetic ketoacidosis: a current appraisal of pathophysiology and management. Clin
Pediatr. 2009;48(2):135–44.
77. Kitabchi AE, Murphy MB. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic
coma. Med Clin North Am. 1988;72(6):1545–63.
78. Arieff AI, Carroll HJ. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features,
pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria and
the effects of theraphy in 37 cases. Medicine. 1972;51(2):73–94.
1 Physiology of Endocrine System and Related Metabolic Disorders
55. Chapman IM, Galactorrhea. 2019. Available from https://www.merckmanuals.com/
professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/galactorrhea.
56. Hirsch IH. Overview of sexual dysfunction in men. Kenilworth: Merk; 2019. Available from
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-dysfunction-in-men/
overview-of-sexual-dysfunction-in-men.
57. Chapman IM. Introduction to pituitary disorders Merk manual. Kenilworth:
Merk; 2019. Available from https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/
endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/introduction-to-pituitary-disorders.
58. Shanker JH, Mahmood SE, Joshi MC, Shaifali I. Obesity indices amongst diabetics in an urban
population of Western Nepal. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(134):2.
59. Uppu R, Parinandi N. Insulin sensitization and resistance interrelationship revisited with a
quantitative molecular model approach. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(106):2.
60. Nichol A, Chandra Sekar M. Successful management of extremel y insulin-resistant obese
diabetic Patient with insulin glargine, U-500 regula r insulin and pramlintide. J Diab Metab.
2011;2:143.
61. Taxitiemuer A, Yimamu Y, Mohemaiti P, Nuli R. Serum metabonomic study of 2 uyghur probable MODY families based on 1H NMR. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(122):2.
62. Hellwege JN, Hicks PJ, Palmer ND, Ng MC, Freedman BI, Bowden DW. Examination
of rare variants in HNF4 α in European Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Diab Metab.
2011;2(145):1000145.
63. Lemos Costa T, Detsch J, Pimazoni-Netto A, de Almeida A, Sztal-Mazer S. Glycemic variability and mean weekly glucose in the evaluation and treatment of blood glucose in gestational
diabetes mellitus; evidence for lower neonatal complications. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(137):2–5.
64. Vanita P, Jhansi K. Metabolic syndrome in endocrine system. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(163):2.
65. Sokup A, Ruszkowska B, Goralczyk B, Goralczyk K, Szymański M, Grabiec M, et al.
Elevation of sE-selectin levels 2–24 months following gestational diabetes is associated with
early cardiometabolic risk in nondiabetic women. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:278050.
66. Saini A, Devidayal VS, Bhalla A. Comparative efficacy of once daily insulin glargine with
twice daily NPH insulin in children with type 1 diabetes. J Diab Metab. 2011;2(124):2.
67. Kamoi K. Normal response of active GLP-1 level like substances to test meal in non-obese
type 2 diabetic Japanese patients with complications and receiving treatments. J Diab Metab.
2011;2:147.
68. Li Y-L. Elevated angiotensin II in rat nodose ganglia primes diabetes-blunted arterial baroreflex sensitivity: involvement of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide. J Diab Metab.
2011;2(6):1000135.
69. Soumya D, Srilatha B. Late stage complications of diabetes and insulin resistance. J Diab
Metab. 2011;2(9):1000167.
70. Abo-El-Asrar M, Farid S, El Maraghy M, Mohamedeen A. Serum osteocalcin, zinc nutritive status and bone turnover in children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. J Diab
Metab. 2011;2(128):2.
71. El Asrar MA, Adly AA, El Hadidi E, Gharib M. Serum and urinary nitrites and nitrates and
doppler sonography in detection of early diabetic complications. J Diab Metab. 2011;2:1.
72. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diab Care. 2003;26(6):1902–12.
73. Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(12):3169–76.
74. Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999;15(6):412–26.
75. Kerl ME. Diabetic ketoacidosis: pathophysiology and clinical and laboratory presentation.
Compendium. 2001;23(3):220–8.
76. Koul PB. Diabetic ketoacidosis: a current appraisal of pathophysiology and management. Clin
Pediatr. 2009;48(2):135–44.
77. Kitabchi AE, Murphy MB. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic
coma. Med Clin North Am. 1988;72(6):1545–63.
78. Arieff AI, Carroll HJ. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features,
pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria and
the effects of theraphy in 37 cases. Medicine. 1972;51(2):73–94.
1 Physiology of Endocrine System and Related Metabolic Disorders