387
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the research grant (8365/
Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017) received from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest Author declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1. Jager AV, Ramalho FS, Zambelli LN, Oliveira CAF. Biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and
its relationship with the hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Aflatoxins-biochemistry and molecular
biology. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2011.
2. Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Anwar F, Khan MZ, Ashrafuzzaman M. Occurrence of aflatoxins in
selected processed foods from Pakistan. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):8324–37.
3. Bbosa GS, Kitya D, Lubega A, Ogwal-Okeng J, Anokbonggo WW, Kyegombe DB. Review of
the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. AflatoxinsRecent Adv Fut Prosp. 2013;12:239–65.
4. Reddy SV, Waliyar F. Properties of aflatoxin and its producing fungi. Aflatoxins; 2012. http://
www.icrisat.org/aflatoxin/aflatoxin.asp/
5. Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxins: their implications for human and animal health. Vet Q.
1999;21(4):115–20.
6. Rustemeyer SM, Lamberson WR, Ledoux DR, Rottinghaus GE, Shaw DP, Cockrum RR, et al.
Effects of dietary aflatoxin on the health and performance of growing barrows. J Anim Sci.
2010;88(11):3624–30.
7. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some traditional
herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog
Risks Hum. 2002;82:1–556.
8. Liu Z-M, Li L-Q, Peng M-H, Liu T-W, Qin Z, Guo Y, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection contributes to oxidative stress in a population exposed to aflatoxin B1 and high-risk for hepatocellular
carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2008;263(2):212–22.
9. Wu H-C, Wang Q, Yang H-I, Ahsan H, Tsai W-Y, Wang L-Y, et al. Aflatoxin B1 exposure, hepatitis B virus infection, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2009;18(3):846–53.
10. Bondy GS, Pestka JJ. Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit
Rev. 2000;3(2):109–43.
11. Mocchegiani E, Corradi A, Santarelli L, Tibaldi A, DeAngelis E, Borghetti P, et al. Zinc, thymic endocrine activity and mitogen responsiveness (PHA) in piglets exposed to maternal aflatoxicosis B1 and G1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;62(3):245–60.
12. Krishnamachari K, Nagarajan V, Bhat R, Tilak T. Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: an outbreak in
western India. Lancet. 1975;305(7915):1061–3.
13. Bhat RV, Krishnamachari K. Food toxins and disease outbreaks in India. Arogya J Health Sci.
1978;4:92–100.
14. Reddy BN, Raghavender CR. Outbreaks of aflatoxicoses in India. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev.
2007;7:5.
15. Ngindu A, Kenya P, Ocheng D, Omondi T, Ngare W, Gatei D, et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis
caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet. 1982;319(8285):1346–8.
16. Centers for Disease C. Prevention. Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning—eastern and central provinces, Kenya, January–July 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(34):790–3.
23 Role of Aflatoxins as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the research grant (8365/
Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017) received from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest Author declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1. Jager AV, Ramalho FS, Zambelli LN, Oliveira CAF. Biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and
its relationship with the hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Aflatoxins-biochemistry and molecular
biology. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2011.
2. Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Anwar F, Khan MZ, Ashrafuzzaman M. Occurrence of aflatoxins in
selected processed foods from Pakistan. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):8324–37.
3. Bbosa GS, Kitya D, Lubega A, Ogwal-Okeng J, Anokbonggo WW, Kyegombe DB. Review of
the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. AflatoxinsRecent Adv Fut Prosp. 2013;12:239–65.
4. Reddy SV, Waliyar F. Properties of aflatoxin and its producing fungi. Aflatoxins; 2012. http://
www.icrisat.org/aflatoxin/aflatoxin.asp/
5. Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxins: their implications for human and animal health. Vet Q.
1999;21(4):115–20.
6. Rustemeyer SM, Lamberson WR, Ledoux DR, Rottinghaus GE, Shaw DP, Cockrum RR, et al.
Effects of dietary aflatoxin on the health and performance of growing barrows. J Anim Sci.
2010;88(11):3624–30.
7. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some traditional
herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog
Risks Hum. 2002;82:1–556.
8. Liu Z-M, Li L-Q, Peng M-H, Liu T-W, Qin Z, Guo Y, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection contributes to oxidative stress in a population exposed to aflatoxin B1 and high-risk for hepatocellular
carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2008;263(2):212–22.
9. Wu H-C, Wang Q, Yang H-I, Ahsan H, Tsai W-Y, Wang L-Y, et al. Aflatoxin B1 exposure, hepatitis B virus infection, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2009;18(3):846–53.
10. Bondy GS, Pestka JJ. Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit
Rev. 2000;3(2):109–43.
11. Mocchegiani E, Corradi A, Santarelli L, Tibaldi A, DeAngelis E, Borghetti P, et al. Zinc, thymic endocrine activity and mitogen responsiveness (PHA) in piglets exposed to maternal aflatoxicosis B1 and G1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;62(3):245–60.
12. Krishnamachari K, Nagarajan V, Bhat R, Tilak T. Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: an outbreak in
western India. Lancet. 1975;305(7915):1061–3.
13. Bhat RV, Krishnamachari K. Food toxins and disease outbreaks in India. Arogya J Health Sci.
1978;4:92–100.
14. Reddy BN, Raghavender CR. Outbreaks of aflatoxicoses in India. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev.
2007;7:5.
15. Ngindu A, Kenya P, Ocheng D, Omondi T, Ngare W, Gatei D, et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis
caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet. 1982;319(8285):1346–8.
16. Centers for Disease C. Prevention. Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning—eastern and central provinces, Kenya, January–July 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(34):790–3.
23 Role of Aflatoxins as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders