373
Likewise, one study has also elucidated decrease in serum testosterone concentration I dose-dependent manner in 3-weeks old rats. Surely, remarkable decrease
was observed in group receiving the maximum dose of propyl paraben [44].
Therefore, keeping in view the aforementioned complications associated with paraben usage, their use should be minimized or entirely restricted notably in persons
who have diabetes (as low testosterone level in diabetic patients).
Parabens and Obesity
Obesity has becoming a vexing problem in both, developing and developed countries. It is abnormal or elevated fat accumulation interlinked with many metabolic
disorders in the body [41]. Actually, luxurious life style as well as environmental
factors along with genetic predisposition have pivotal role in provoking obesity
[53]. Definitely, obesity diminishes quality of life along with life-expectancy due to
its association with metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep
apnea, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and myocardial infraction [54].
Evidence has suggested that parabens contribute in adipogenesis. Thus, giving
rise to obesity [55]. Additionally, exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals
(EDC) during early life is considered potential hallmark for childhood as well as
adult obesity [56]. For this reason, parabens mediated endocrine disrupting effect is
mainly responsible of their undesirable effects, irrespective of their less toxicity
[57]. Evidence has suggested that parabens promotes adipose differentiation [55,
58]. As illustrated that adipocytes form during early life and usually their number
does not rise in lean adults. Yet, precursors cells may be differentiated to adipocytes
in adults owing to increased demand for energy storage [59]. Subsequently, parabens mediated differentiated would add up this process and promotes obesity epidemic in exposed population. Parabens are thought to mediate their effect through
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) along with the glucocorticoids receptors (GR) [60, 61].
The contribution of parabens in obesity in in-vivo studies is under major consideration. One study in 27 healthy women has demonstrated positive association of
parabens with plasma adipsin levels (secreted by adipocytes into bloodstream).
When blood samples were collected during their menstrual cycle, their results
depicted elevated methyl paraben along with propyl paraben in women with BMI
25–34.9 as compared to women with BMI 18.5–24.9 [62]. Despite many evidence,
contribution of parabens in obesity/adipogenesis in in vivo studies and underlying
molecular mechanism needs further consideration and evaluation [55]. Additionally,
exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) during early life is considered
potential hallmark for childhood as well as adult obesity [56]. For this reason,
despite less toxicity of parabens, their participation as an endocrine disrupting
chemical is mainly responsible for their undesirable effects [57]. Evidences have
reported that parabens promote adipocyte differentiation [55, 57]. Given the above,
parabens use must be avoided and more particularly in persons who are obese or
22 Parabens as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Association…
Likewise, one study has also elucidated decrease in serum testosterone concentration I dose-dependent manner in 3-weeks old rats. Surely, remarkable decrease
was observed in group receiving the maximum dose of propyl paraben [44].
Therefore, keeping in view the aforementioned complications associated with paraben usage, their use should be minimized or entirely restricted notably in persons
who have diabetes (as low testosterone level in diabetic patients).
Parabens and Obesity
Obesity has becoming a vexing problem in both, developing and developed countries. It is abnormal or elevated fat accumulation interlinked with many metabolic
disorders in the body [41]. Actually, luxurious life style as well as environmental
factors along with genetic predisposition have pivotal role in provoking obesity
[53]. Definitely, obesity diminishes quality of life along with life-expectancy due to
its association with metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep
apnea, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and myocardial infraction [54].
Evidence has suggested that parabens contribute in adipogenesis. Thus, giving
rise to obesity [55]. Additionally, exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals
(EDC) during early life is considered potential hallmark for childhood as well as
adult obesity [56]. For this reason, parabens mediated endocrine disrupting effect is
mainly responsible of their undesirable effects, irrespective of their less toxicity
[57]. Evidence has suggested that parabens promotes adipose differentiation [55,
58]. As illustrated that adipocytes form during early life and usually their number
does not rise in lean adults. Yet, precursors cells may be differentiated to adipocytes
in adults owing to increased demand for energy storage [59]. Subsequently, parabens mediated differentiated would add up this process and promotes obesity epidemic in exposed population. Parabens are thought to mediate their effect through
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) along with the glucocorticoids receptors (GR) [60, 61].
The contribution of parabens in obesity in in-vivo studies is under major consideration. One study in 27 healthy women has demonstrated positive association of
parabens with plasma adipsin levels (secreted by adipocytes into bloodstream).
When blood samples were collected during their menstrual cycle, their results
depicted elevated methyl paraben along with propyl paraben in women with BMI
25–34.9 as compared to women with BMI 18.5–24.9 [62]. Despite many evidence,
contribution of parabens in obesity/adipogenesis in in vivo studies and underlying
molecular mechanism needs further consideration and evaluation [55]. Additionally,
exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) during early life is considered
potential hallmark for childhood as well as adult obesity [56]. For this reason,
despite less toxicity of parabens, their participation as an endocrine disrupting
chemical is mainly responsible for their undesirable effects [57]. Evidences have
reported that parabens promote adipocyte differentiation [55, 57]. Given the above,
parabens use must be avoided and more particularly in persons who are obese or
22 Parabens as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Association…