349
Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Lipid Metabolism
Nicotine in cigarette is responsible to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and
suppress the catechol’s which escalate energy expenditure in individuals. In serum
free fatty acid (FFA) concentration is increased due to inhalation of cigarette smoke.
Elevation of FFA or lipolysis may lead to the thermogenesis. FFAs are also recognized to increase the consumption of oxygen in cardiac tissues. Unwanted
consequences of nicotine-induced lipolysis increase the serum cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, and decrease high density lipoprotein
(HDL) concentration [30, 31]. There is dose response relationship that correlates
between the serum concentration of lipid profile and numbers of cigarette smoking
per day [32]. In numerous dyslipidemia situation such as metabolic disorders mainly
diabetes, increased distribution of FFA to the hepatic site which has been proposed
to be the source of augmented the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and alter
the lipids profile in serum [31].
Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Carbohydrates Metabolism
Cigarette smoking and/or its metabolites mainly nicotine and various others chemicals such as cadmium and arsenic which as EDCs, are broadly spread in atmosphere
and are causing an extensive range of serious health-related issues in human. After
administration of these agents into the human body via either source, they all are
preferably accumulated in pancreas, renal and hepatic site, where they unveil deleterious and noxious impact on carbohydrate metabolism by impairing and altering
the appropriate activity of enzymes [33]. Interruption of glucose homeostasis plays
a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders [34]. Beside with
compromised properties of pancreas, muscles, diminished hepatic and renal functions also play a considerable role to augment the level of blood glucose. Numerous
studies have shown that cigarette smoking has strong relation with occurrence of
metabolic disorders [34, 35]. These EDCs have probable to get conformational
changes in enzymatic pathways and make them inactive. Furthermore, cigarette
smoking can also impact on hormonal activity cause disturbances on the hormonal
balance, for instance, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and insulin, by damaging
the pancreas and adrenal gland, respectively [33, 36].
20 Tobacco Smoking as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders
Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Lipid Metabolism
Nicotine in cigarette is responsible to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and
suppress the catechol’s which escalate energy expenditure in individuals. In serum
free fatty acid (FFA) concentration is increased due to inhalation of cigarette smoke.
Elevation of FFA or lipolysis may lead to the thermogenesis. FFAs are also recognized to increase the consumption of oxygen in cardiac tissues. Unwanted
consequences of nicotine-induced lipolysis increase the serum cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, and decrease high density lipoprotein
(HDL) concentration [30, 31]. There is dose response relationship that correlates
between the serum concentration of lipid profile and numbers of cigarette smoking
per day [32]. In numerous dyslipidemia situation such as metabolic disorders mainly
diabetes, increased distribution of FFA to the hepatic site which has been proposed
to be the source of augmented the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and alter
the lipids profile in serum [31].
Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Carbohydrates Metabolism
Cigarette smoking and/or its metabolites mainly nicotine and various others chemicals such as cadmium and arsenic which as EDCs, are broadly spread in atmosphere
and are causing an extensive range of serious health-related issues in human. After
administration of these agents into the human body via either source, they all are
preferably accumulated in pancreas, renal and hepatic site, where they unveil deleterious and noxious impact on carbohydrate metabolism by impairing and altering
the appropriate activity of enzymes [33]. Interruption of glucose homeostasis plays
a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders [34]. Beside with
compromised properties of pancreas, muscles, diminished hepatic and renal functions also play a considerable role to augment the level of blood glucose. Numerous
studies have shown that cigarette smoking has strong relation with occurrence of
metabolic disorders [34, 35]. These EDCs have probable to get conformational
changes in enzymatic pathways and make them inactive. Furthermore, cigarette
smoking can also impact on hormonal activity cause disturbances on the hormonal
balance, for instance, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and insulin, by damaging
the pancreas and adrenal gland, respectively [33, 36].
20 Tobacco Smoking as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders