290
Effect on Alterations in Antioxidant Status
GST, SOD, GR, GPx, and CAT are some enzymatic antioxidant defense systems that
protect the cell from damage caused by reactive active species such as (O
− 2
), (–OH),
(H 2 O 2 ) (1) (2). GSH is an intracellular molecule that mediates the activity of GST,
GR, GPx by acting as substrate or co-substrate and protects the cell from damage
[119]. GR as a component of G6PDH plays a key role in antioxidant system by
reducing NADPH [120].
In vivo and in vitro continuous exposure of MDCs in animal models also generates reactive oxygen species by changing antioxidant status of the organs or tissues
altering the expression of antioxidant pathways in the liver such as Gsta2, Gstm1,
Gstm2, Gsta4, Gsta5, Gstp1, and Gstt2 mRNA [121]. Different factors like dose and
time of MDCs exposure are studied during in vivo and in vitro trial; however, various factors are still unclear which need further research to understand the effect of
MDCs on antioxidant status of the cell.
Effect on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle
Apoptosis is triggered by oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
[122]. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death followed by the denaturation of cell
membrane, production of apoptotic bodies, and fragmentation of nuclear membrane
[123]. It has been investigated from continuous exposure of these pesticides to animal models that generates reactive oxygen species which interfere with cell cycle
by arresting G2 and M phase. It is the key process for the progression of cell cycle
aided by cyclin-dependent kinases [124].
Intervention of Safety Measures from Pest Control Operation
Preventive measure costs half (2.48 times lower) than medical treatments because
half of persons working in the fields did not use any preventive measures [125].
These findings open a new horizon on the topic of safety measures among directly
exposed persons in developing countries [126]. Economic empowerment, implementing training programs, extensive awareness schemes, formal educations should
be important to lessen health risks as well as health costs among directly exposed
persons [127]. Specific safety measurement must be followed during the storage,
transport, and usage of these pesticides. Safe use of these pesticides depends on
many factors such as selection of product, usage of product according to safety
instruction written on packing, and legal uses of product.
S. Kamal et al.
Effect on Alterations in Antioxidant Status
GST, SOD, GR, GPx, and CAT are some enzymatic antioxidant defense systems that
protect the cell from damage caused by reactive active species such as (O
− 2
), (–OH),
(H 2 O 2 ) (1) (2). GSH is an intracellular molecule that mediates the activity of GST,
GR, GPx by acting as substrate or co-substrate and protects the cell from damage
[119]. GR as a component of G6PDH plays a key role in antioxidant system by
reducing NADPH [120].
In vivo and in vitro continuous exposure of MDCs in animal models also generates reactive oxygen species by changing antioxidant status of the organs or tissues
altering the expression of antioxidant pathways in the liver such as Gsta2, Gstm1,
Gstm2, Gsta4, Gsta5, Gstp1, and Gstt2 mRNA [121]. Different factors like dose and
time of MDCs exposure are studied during in vivo and in vitro trial; however, various factors are still unclear which need further research to understand the effect of
MDCs on antioxidant status of the cell.
Effect on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle
Apoptosis is triggered by oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
[122]. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death followed by the denaturation of cell
membrane, production of apoptotic bodies, and fragmentation of nuclear membrane
[123]. It has been investigated from continuous exposure of these pesticides to animal models that generates reactive oxygen species which interfere with cell cycle
by arresting G2 and M phase. It is the key process for the progression of cell cycle
aided by cyclin-dependent kinases [124].
Intervention of Safety Measures from Pest Control Operation
Preventive measure costs half (2.48 times lower) than medical treatments because
half of persons working in the fields did not use any preventive measures [125].
These findings open a new horizon on the topic of safety measures among directly
exposed persons in developing countries [126]. Economic empowerment, implementing training programs, extensive awareness schemes, formal educations should
be important to lessen health risks as well as health costs among directly exposed
persons [127]. Specific safety measurement must be followed during the storage,
transport, and usage of these pesticides. Safe use of these pesticides depends on
many factors such as selection of product, usage of product according to safety
instruction written on packing, and legal uses of product.
S. Kamal et al.