283
5, 500 mg/kg also causes hepatic steatosis, along with inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and damage to the liver and hepatic cells [80]. DEHP also induce lipid
accumulation in hepatocytes by activating the expression of SREBP-1c and PPARαsignaling pathway [81].
BPA also have adverse effect on signaling pathways of lipid metabolism. BPA
mostly exists in aquatic environment creating reproductive toxicity. BPA increases
the triglyceride contents in fish by increasing the lipogenesis along with processing
of beta-cells oxidation. Further research is needed to properly understand the
adverse effect of bisphenol on the liver metabolism [46].
Damage to Lipids
Oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species also cause damage to lipids of
the cell membrane causing lipid peroxidation that can be measured by noticing the
changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances
(TBARS) as being the important individual aldehyde resulting from lipid peroxidation [82]. It has been noticed that continuous exposure of EDCs in vivo models also
increases in lipid peroxidation when Fipronil with dose amount (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/
kg b.w.) for 28 days given to male Wister rats causing various changes in different
organs with increased level of MDA [83]. However, in vivo and in vitro dose dependent FIP toxicity creates the oxidative stress that lead to lipid peroxidation and lipid
damage in nerve cells [84].
Effect on DNA
Oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species (ROS) also damage DNA which
can be measured by cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, alkaline comet
assay, and by gel electrophoresis [85]. It has been investigated that continuous
exposure of MDCs in vivo animal models also generates ROS that interfere with cell
cycle by arresting G2 and M phase (Fig. 17.10). It is the key process for the progression of cell cycle aided by cyclin-dependent kinases leading to decrease in −OH
activity and GSH level resulting to DNA damage [86].
Effect on Obesity
Obesity has become a global issue both in developing and under-developing countries in the last few decades [87]. That is why global prevalence of obese people is
higher than those who are under-weight [88]. A study has proved that dramatic
increase of obesity is due to higher rate of T2D in young individuals, which has
17 Role of Pesticides as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
5, 500 mg/kg also causes hepatic steatosis, along with inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and damage to the liver and hepatic cells [80]. DEHP also induce lipid
accumulation in hepatocytes by activating the expression of SREBP-1c and PPARαsignaling pathway [81].
BPA also have adverse effect on signaling pathways of lipid metabolism. BPA
mostly exists in aquatic environment creating reproductive toxicity. BPA increases
the triglyceride contents in fish by increasing the lipogenesis along with processing
of beta-cells oxidation. Further research is needed to properly understand the
adverse effect of bisphenol on the liver metabolism [46].
Damage to Lipids
Oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species also cause damage to lipids of
the cell membrane causing lipid peroxidation that can be measured by noticing the
changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances
(TBARS) as being the important individual aldehyde resulting from lipid peroxidation [82]. It has been noticed that continuous exposure of EDCs in vivo models also
increases in lipid peroxidation when Fipronil with dose amount (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/
kg b.w.) for 28 days given to male Wister rats causing various changes in different
organs with increased level of MDA [83]. However, in vivo and in vitro dose dependent FIP toxicity creates the oxidative stress that lead to lipid peroxidation and lipid
damage in nerve cells [84].
Effect on DNA
Oxidative stress created by reactive oxygen species (ROS) also damage DNA which
can be measured by cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, alkaline comet
assay, and by gel electrophoresis [85]. It has been investigated that continuous
exposure of MDCs in vivo animal models also generates ROS that interfere with cell
cycle by arresting G2 and M phase (Fig. 17.10). It is the key process for the progression of cell cycle aided by cyclin-dependent kinases leading to decrease in −OH
activity and GSH level resulting to DNA damage [86].
Effect on Obesity
Obesity has become a global issue both in developing and under-developing countries in the last few decades [87]. That is why global prevalence of obese people is
higher than those who are under-weight [88]. A study has proved that dramatic
increase of obesity is due to higher rate of T2D in young individuals, which has
17 Role of Pesticides as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders