4
crine gland’s physiology, we have discussed in detail all the associated endocrine
metabolic disorders, i.e., hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency,
hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly,
galactorrhea, erectile dysfunction, central diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, pituitary apoplexy, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma.
Keywords Endocrine system · Physiology · Glands · Hormones · Metabolic
disorders
Introduction
The endocrine system is a system that controls the release of chemical/physiological messenger called hormones from ductless glands in particular organs. Hormones
play a role as “messengers” and are transported via blood into diverse cells of the
body that deduce and perform action on this information. A small chemical that can
enter the bloodstream and exerts its effect at a distant site in the body seems to be an
incredible idea. However, this happens in our bodies every day in our life. These
hormonal secretions in the body are responsible to act on received stimuli and maintain homeostasis. The vital functions of the body, i.e., growth, offspring production,
maintenance of constant temperature, and the ability to perform basic functions and
activities, are not possible without these hormones [1].
The endocrine system offers an electrochemical connection from the cerebral
hypothalamus to all relevant parts of the body that involve in controlling of metabolism, development, reproduction as well as in growth. Two kinds of endocrine hormones exist, i.e., (1) steroidal (2) non-steroidal (protein based). Except child birth
(special situation), endocrine system has a negative feedback check on all the hormones. If there is an increased activity related to a particular hormone, as a feedback
action its activity is eventually decreased. There are other factors and also immune
system is involved in maintenance of constant hormonal level [1].
Endocrine Glands and Respective Hormones
Glands are structures that synthesize and secrete chemical substances. There are
two types of glands either exocrine or endocrine. Exocrine glands secrete their
secretions outside the body like tears and sweat or inside a body cavity, e.g.,
Digestive pancreatic as well as salivary enzymes. While endocrine glands secrete
their hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel and bind to
specific receptors on the target tissue or organ and exert their effect. This specialized
A. Ahsan et al.
crine gland’s physiology, we have discussed in detail all the associated endocrine
metabolic disorders, i.e., hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency,
hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly,
galactorrhea, erectile dysfunction, central diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, pituitary apoplexy, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma.
Keywords Endocrine system · Physiology · Glands · Hormones · Metabolic
disorders
Introduction
The endocrine system is a system that controls the release of chemical/physiological messenger called hormones from ductless glands in particular organs. Hormones
play a role as “messengers” and are transported via blood into diverse cells of the
body that deduce and perform action on this information. A small chemical that can
enter the bloodstream and exerts its effect at a distant site in the body seems to be an
incredible idea. However, this happens in our bodies every day in our life. These
hormonal secretions in the body are responsible to act on received stimuli and maintain homeostasis. The vital functions of the body, i.e., growth, offspring production,
maintenance of constant temperature, and the ability to perform basic functions and
activities, are not possible without these hormones [1].
The endocrine system offers an electrochemical connection from the cerebral
hypothalamus to all relevant parts of the body that involve in controlling of metabolism, development, reproduction as well as in growth. Two kinds of endocrine hormones exist, i.e., (1) steroidal (2) non-steroidal (protein based). Except child birth
(special situation), endocrine system has a negative feedback check on all the hormones. If there is an increased activity related to a particular hormone, as a feedback
action its activity is eventually decreased. There are other factors and also immune
system is involved in maintenance of constant hormonal level [1].
Endocrine Glands and Respective Hormones
Glands are structures that synthesize and secrete chemical substances. There are
two types of glands either exocrine or endocrine. Exocrine glands secrete their
secretions outside the body like tears and sweat or inside a body cavity, e.g.,
Digestive pancreatic as well as salivary enzymes. While endocrine glands secrete
their hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel and bind to
specific receptors on the target tissue or organ and exert their effect. This specialized
A. Ahsan et al.