194
furan toxicity in healthy men and women [70] assessed levels of urinary furan and
γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in normal diets. Their findings depicted a relationship
between the rate of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and the number of urinary furans. Two
dietary furans named furfuryl alcohol (FA) and 2-furyl methyl ketone (2FMK) were
administered to Swiss albino mice for 60 and 90 days. The dose of two compounds
was 2000 and 4000 ppm and results indicated focal necrosis, pycnosis and vacuolation by FA in liver and tubular epithelium damage in kidney. There was no significant damage in liver and kidney from the 2-FMK [76].
Protective Effects of Apigenin Against Furan-Induced
Toxicity in Mice
Furan toxicity has been reported in many studies and due to its adverse effects on
human health it gains attention to search for mitigation of its impact [77]. A few natural compounds have been found that can reduce the toxic effect and has been studied
in mouse model. It has been reported the impact on reduction of toxic effect of furan
by apigenin [78]. Apigenin is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables and tea.
They did experiments for effect of apigenin in mouse model for reactive oxygene species (ROS), oxidative damage in liver and kidney and cytokines. Firstly, the ROS was
increased by applying furan alone and mice showed higher level of ROS. When these
mice were subsequently treated with apigenin the level of ROS decrease with increase
of concentration of apigenin, ranging from 5 to 20 mg/kg per day.
The effect on liver and kidney by furan was tested by GSH. GST, SOD, MPO and
MDA levels. When treated with furan GSH, GST and SOD levels were reduced
significantly in liver and kidneys. These mice with reduced GSH were then treated
with apigenin and enhanced level of GSH was observed as 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day.
Similarly, GST activities were enhanced by 45% in liver and 78% in kidneys and
SOD activities were enhanced by 114.5% and 108.4% in liver and kidneys, respectively. On the other hand, MPO and MDA levels were increased when treated with
furan and when doses of apigenin were administered to mouse, the activities of
MPO and MDA were decreased [78].
Furan-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Diabetic Rats and Protective
Role of Lycopene
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition that causes high blood glucose level in human
and is variable in this process. The major medical issues were DM and its complications. For DM patient, to decrease heart damage potential sugar levels in blood
should be under control [79]. In a desirable timeframe in DM, this has made progress. Even in such cases, heart damage and cardiovascular disorders are still
S. Muzammil et al.
furan toxicity in healthy men and women [70] assessed levels of urinary furan and
γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in normal diets. Their findings depicted a relationship
between the rate of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and the number of urinary furans. Two
dietary furans named furfuryl alcohol (FA) and 2-furyl methyl ketone (2FMK) were
administered to Swiss albino mice for 60 and 90 days. The dose of two compounds
was 2000 and 4000 ppm and results indicated focal necrosis, pycnosis and vacuolation by FA in liver and tubular epithelium damage in kidney. There was no significant damage in liver and kidney from the 2-FMK [76].
Protective Effects of Apigenin Against Furan-Induced
Toxicity in Mice
Furan toxicity has been reported in many studies and due to its adverse effects on
human health it gains attention to search for mitigation of its impact [77]. A few natural compounds have been found that can reduce the toxic effect and has been studied
in mouse model. It has been reported the impact on reduction of toxic effect of furan
by apigenin [78]. Apigenin is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables and tea.
They did experiments for effect of apigenin in mouse model for reactive oxygene species (ROS), oxidative damage in liver and kidney and cytokines. Firstly, the ROS was
increased by applying furan alone and mice showed higher level of ROS. When these
mice were subsequently treated with apigenin the level of ROS decrease with increase
of concentration of apigenin, ranging from 5 to 20 mg/kg per day.
The effect on liver and kidney by furan was tested by GSH. GST, SOD, MPO and
MDA levels. When treated with furan GSH, GST and SOD levels were reduced
significantly in liver and kidneys. These mice with reduced GSH were then treated
with apigenin and enhanced level of GSH was observed as 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day.
Similarly, GST activities were enhanced by 45% in liver and 78% in kidneys and
SOD activities were enhanced by 114.5% and 108.4% in liver and kidneys, respectively. On the other hand, MPO and MDA levels were increased when treated with
furan and when doses of apigenin were administered to mouse, the activities of
MPO and MDA were decreased [78].
Furan-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Diabetic Rats and Protective
Role of Lycopene
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition that causes high blood glucose level in human
and is variable in this process. The major medical issues were DM and its complications. For DM patient, to decrease heart damage potential sugar levels in blood
should be under control [79]. In a desirable timeframe in DM, this has made progress. Even in such cases, heart damage and cardiovascular disorders are still
S. Muzammil et al.