193
study, furan was mixed in corn oil and administered to B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats
to both sexes. In 2 years analysis 8 and 15 mg/kg/day dose was applied to B6C3F1
mice and 2,4 and 8 mg/kg/day dose was applied to F-344 rats and results showed
sufficient increase in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas [69]. Furan genotoxicity were studied in V79-Mz and V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells and treated with
3–16 μM furan. The results indicate exchange of sister chromatin and induce genotoxicity. Furthermore, furan study at low dose (2, 4, 8 and 15 mg/kg/day), when
administered to mice for 4 days, resulted in insignificant increase in micronucleated
cells [74]. The liver damage can be assessed by serum biochemical parameters
because liver is sensitive to many chemicals due to its anatomical proximity to
blood supply from digestive tract and also due to its role in concentration and biotransformation of chemicals [55]. Many chemicals also target kidneys, therefore for
Table 12.4 Summary of studies regarding furan in digestive system
Design
Duration
Dose of
furan
Results
References
Animal
study
(Rat)
90 days
30 mg/kg
body
weight
100% incidence of cholangiocarcinoma
Maronpotet
al. [68]
Animal
study
(Rat)
24 months
0, 0.8,
1.5, 2, 4
and
8 mg/kg
body
weight
Oral administration of furan in all doses
tested and results showed numerous
non-neoplastic hepatic lesions including bile
duct hyperplasia, cholangiofibrosis,
necrosis, chronic inflammation, bialiary cell
proliferation and nodular hyperplasia of
hepatocytes with dose-dependent increasing
severity
Program
[69]
Human
study
(crosssectional)
_
_
GGT level was strongly correlated with the
urinary furan concentration
Jun [70]
Animal
study
(Rat)
90 days
8 mg/kg
body
weight
100% incidence of Hyperplasia,
Cholangiofibrosis, Basophilia,
Anisokaryosis and Pigmentation
Gill et al.
[11]
Animal
study
(Rat)
28 days
0, 0.1,
0.5, and
2 mg/kg
body
weight
there was no significant change in plasma
ALP, AST and ALT
Mally et al.
[57]
Animal
study
(mouse)
3–6 weeks
15 mg/kg
body
weight
Serum ALT was significantly increased
Terrell et al.
[53]
Animal
study
(Rat)
3–24 months 0.92, 2
and
8 mg/kg
body
weight
Furan exposure induces irreversible
down-regulation of miR-375 in rats
epigenetically
de Conti
et al. [71]
12 Role of Furans as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
study, furan was mixed in corn oil and administered to B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats
to both sexes. In 2 years analysis 8 and 15 mg/kg/day dose was applied to B6C3F1
mice and 2,4 and 8 mg/kg/day dose was applied to F-344 rats and results showed
sufficient increase in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas [69]. Furan genotoxicity were studied in V79-Mz and V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells and treated with
3–16 μM furan. The results indicate exchange of sister chromatin and induce genotoxicity. Furthermore, furan study at low dose (2, 4, 8 and 15 mg/kg/day), when
administered to mice for 4 days, resulted in insignificant increase in micronucleated
cells [74]. The liver damage can be assessed by serum biochemical parameters
because liver is sensitive to many chemicals due to its anatomical proximity to
blood supply from digestive tract and also due to its role in concentration and biotransformation of chemicals [55]. Many chemicals also target kidneys, therefore for
Table 12.4 Summary of studies regarding furan in digestive system
Design
Duration
Dose of
furan
Results
References
Animal
study
(Rat)
90 days
30 mg/kg
body
weight
100% incidence of cholangiocarcinoma
Maronpotet
al. [68]
Animal
study
(Rat)
24 months
0, 0.8,
1.5, 2, 4
and
8 mg/kg
body
weight
Oral administration of furan in all doses
tested and results showed numerous
non-neoplastic hepatic lesions including bile
duct hyperplasia, cholangiofibrosis,
necrosis, chronic inflammation, bialiary cell
proliferation and nodular hyperplasia of
hepatocytes with dose-dependent increasing
severity
Program
[69]
Human
study
(crosssectional)
_
_
GGT level was strongly correlated with the
urinary furan concentration
Jun [70]
Animal
study
(Rat)
90 days
8 mg/kg
body
weight
100% incidence of Hyperplasia,
Cholangiofibrosis, Basophilia,
Anisokaryosis and Pigmentation
Gill et al.
[11]
Animal
study
(Rat)
28 days
0, 0.1,
0.5, and
2 mg/kg
body
weight
there was no significant change in plasma
ALP, AST and ALT
Mally et al.
[57]
Animal
study
(mouse)
3–6 weeks
15 mg/kg
body
weight
Serum ALT was significantly increased
Terrell et al.
[53]
Animal
study
(Rat)
3–24 months 0.92, 2
and
8 mg/kg
body
weight
Furan exposure induces irreversible
down-regulation of miR-375 in rats
epigenetically
de Conti
et al. [71]
12 Role of Furans as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders