102
R. de Castro Sobrosa Neto et al.
In addition to Locke, for Zanella et al. [72], among modern theorists with an
outstanding participation in the debate between rationalist and empiricist approaches,
names like Francis Bacon, René Descartes and Immanuel Kant stand out. The empiricist Bacon considers that there are two ways of generating and spreading knowledge
doctrines: the “Anticipation of the Mind” and the “Interpretation of Nature.” The first
is for the cultivation of sciences, and the second, his choice of preference, standing
for scientific discovery. The rationalist, Descartes, does not ignore the importance
of empiricism in the formation of knowledge, but believes in the sieves of abstract
reasoning and the deductive method. Such is given, once they avoid the mistakes
created by human senses, not giving up mathematization and mechanism, because
for Descartes the access to truth (philosophical or scientific) presupposes the use of a
rigorous method (anchored in reason). The philosopher Immanuel Kant analyzed the
limits and possibilities of knowledge, in his work “Critique of Pure Reason,” emphasizing that knowledge does not immediately offer a sensitive experience [65]. The
transcendental idealism proposed by Kant will influence the most different currents
of social sciences in contemporary times. Among them are the social theories that
support research and actions on innovations with an impact on current societies.
Joseph Schumpeter structured his economic thinking in studies that combine
entrepreneurship and innovation. With innovation at the center of economic evolution, which can be defined as “the creation of a new production function,” present
in different dimensions of the production process. This employs the famous term
“new combinations,” which is frequently used in other roles developed in relation to
“creative destruction” [21]. In the Schumpeterian perspective, three important stages
mark technological innovation: invention, innovation and diffusion, that is, from the
emergence of new ideas, through the development of products, processes and/or new
services arising from this idea, until its insertion in the market. For Skarzynski and
Gibson [63], profound cultural change requires time, money and commitment, while
Kneller [43] observes that science pursues the truth and that technology preaches efficiency, so that science seeks to formulate the laws to which nature obeys. Technology
uses these formulations to create implements and devices that make nature obey man.
In this sense, it is important to highlight Broerse and de Cock Buning [14], when
pointing that public involvement contributes to a more democratic form of normative
decision-making and to a more needs-oriented innovation process, thereby increasing
public appreciation.
In the appropriation of concepts belonging to the main theories and approaches
to innovations and technologies resulting from human development, as well as their
impact on the quality of life of societies that consume them. This project sought to
understand the main trends and approaches of innovations and technologies applicable to the demands of ANEEL R&D, as part of the National Innovation System.
Doing so through Eletrosul’s debates with representatives of the community, where
installation was predicted. In this sense, the role of the social actors involved on the
development of innovations and technologies was discussed. In a manner that the
agreements, terms of cooperation and contracts could be signed, allowing analyzes
and comparisons of public innovation policies in Brazil with other countries.
R. de Castro Sobrosa Neto et al.
In addition to Locke, for Zanella et al. [72], among modern theorists with an
outstanding participation in the debate between rationalist and empiricist approaches,
names like Francis Bacon, René Descartes and Immanuel Kant stand out. The empiricist Bacon considers that there are two ways of generating and spreading knowledge
doctrines: the “Anticipation of the Mind” and the “Interpretation of Nature.” The first
is for the cultivation of sciences, and the second, his choice of preference, standing
for scientific discovery. The rationalist, Descartes, does not ignore the importance
of empiricism in the formation of knowledge, but believes in the sieves of abstract
reasoning and the deductive method. Such is given, once they avoid the mistakes
created by human senses, not giving up mathematization and mechanism, because
for Descartes the access to truth (philosophical or scientific) presupposes the use of a
rigorous method (anchored in reason). The philosopher Immanuel Kant analyzed the
limits and possibilities of knowledge, in his work “Critique of Pure Reason,” emphasizing that knowledge does not immediately offer a sensitive experience [65]. The
transcendental idealism proposed by Kant will influence the most different currents
of social sciences in contemporary times. Among them are the social theories that
support research and actions on innovations with an impact on current societies.
Joseph Schumpeter structured his economic thinking in studies that combine
entrepreneurship and innovation. With innovation at the center of economic evolution, which can be defined as “the creation of a new production function,” present
in different dimensions of the production process. This employs the famous term
“new combinations,” which is frequently used in other roles developed in relation to
“creative destruction” [21]. In the Schumpeterian perspective, three important stages
mark technological innovation: invention, innovation and diffusion, that is, from the
emergence of new ideas, through the development of products, processes and/or new
services arising from this idea, until its insertion in the market. For Skarzynski and
Gibson [63], profound cultural change requires time, money and commitment, while
Kneller [43] observes that science pursues the truth and that technology preaches efficiency, so that science seeks to formulate the laws to which nature obeys. Technology
uses these formulations to create implements and devices that make nature obey man.
In this sense, it is important to highlight Broerse and de Cock Buning [14], when
pointing that public involvement contributes to a more democratic form of normative
decision-making and to a more needs-oriented innovation process, thereby increasing
public appreciation.
In the appropriation of concepts belonging to the main theories and approaches
to innovations and technologies resulting from human development, as well as their
impact on the quality of life of societies that consume them. This project sought to
understand the main trends and approaches of innovations and technologies applicable to the demands of ANEEL R&D, as part of the National Innovation System.
Doing so through Eletrosul’s debates with representatives of the community, where
installation was predicted. In this sense, the role of the social actors involved on the
development of innovations and technologies was discussed. In a manner that the
agreements, terms of cooperation and contracts could be signed, allowing analyzes
and comparisons of public innovation policies in Brazil with other countries.