versatile and highly productive soils will be a dwindling and
irreplaceable resource if the current rates of urbanisation
continue unabated. Soil is indeed a precious resource that
should never be taken for granted.
The vision is that all New Zealanders appreciate the soil
as a taonga that is critical for life on Earth, recycling nutrients, supporting plant growth, and providing us with food.
Soils and associated ecosystems support all the unique terrestrial living organisms of Aotearoa. Soil is also our final
resting place. Thus understanding and providing kaitiakitanga for the soil, with a sense of awe at soil’s infinite
variety, beauty, resilience, and the growth that soil supports
is an important duty of all people in Aotearoa.
Further Reading
Almond PC, Tonkin PJ (1999) Pedogenesis by upbuilding in an
extreme leaching and weathering environment, and slow loess
accretion, south Westland, New Zealand. Geoderma 92:1–36
Andrew R, Dymond JR (2013) Expansion of lifestyle blocks and urban
areas onto high-class land: an update for planning and policy. J R
Soc N Z 43:128–140
Atkinson JD (1976) DSIR’s first fifty years. New Zealand Department
of Scientific and Industrial Research Information Series 115, 220p
Batjes NH (1996) Total carbon and nitrogen in soils of the world. Eur J
Soil Sci 47:151–163
Beare MH, Williams H, Cameron KC (1999) On-farm monitoring of
soil quality for sustainable crop production. In: Currie LD, Hedley MJ, Horne DJ, Loganathan P (eds) Best soil management
practices for production. Proceedings of the 12th annual fertilizer
and Lime Research Centre workshop, Massey University, pp 81–90
Best E (1925) Maori agriculture. Dominion Museum Bulletin No 9, 315
p. Reprinted 1976. Whitcombe & Tombs, Wellington
Blum WEH, Warkentin BR, Frossard EE (2006) Soil, human society
and the environment. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 266:1–8
Brook MS, Ferrar S (2019) Hartley Travers Ferrar (1879–1932) and his
geological legacy in Antarctica, Egypt and New Zealand. Earth Sci
Hist 38:43–58
Brooking T, Pawson E (2011) Seeds of empire: the environmental
transformation of New Zealand. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, London,
276p
Büneman EK, Bongiorno G, Bai Z et al (2018) Soil quality—a critical
review. Soil Biol Biochem 120:105–125
Campbell IB, Balks MR, Claridge GGC (1993) A simple visual
technique for estimating the impact of fieldwork on the terrestrial
environment in ice-free areas of Antarctica. Polar Rec 29:321–328
Carrick S (2002) Methodology for soil versatility evaluation in the
Southland region. Landcare Research Contract Report:
LC0203/013. Funded by Crops for Southland and Environment
Southland, 45p
Carrick S, Hainsworth S, Lilburne L et al (2014) S-map @ the farm
scale? Towards a national protocol for soil mapping for farm
nutrient budgets. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL (eds) Nutrient
management for the farm, catchment and community. http:// rc.
massey.ac.nz/publications.html. Occasional Report No 27. Fertilizer
and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North,
11p
Chapin FS (1993) The evolutionary basis of biogeochemical soil
development. Geoderma 57:223–227
Collins S, Larry E (2007) Caring for our natural assets: an ecosystem
services perspective. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Portland, OR, 11p
Curran-Cournane F (2018) Land use pressures confronting finite land
and soil resources—Pukekohe test case. Report prepared for
Ministry for Primary Industries by Auckland Council. Research
and Evaluation Unit, Auckland Council, 29p
Curran-Cournane F, Fraser S, Hicks D et al (2013) Changes in soil
quality and land use in grazed pasture within rural Auckland. N Z J
Agric Res 56:102–116
Curran-Cournane F, Vaughan M, Memon A et al (2014) Trade-offs
between high class land and development: recent and future
pressures on Auckland’s valuable soil resources. Land Use Policy
39:146–154
Curran-Cournane F, Cain T, Greenhalgh S et al (2016) Attitudes of a
farming community towards urban growth and rural fragmentation
—an Auckland case study. Land Use Policy 58:241–250
Curran-Cournane F, Golubiewski N, Buckthought L (2018) The odds
appear stacked against versatile land: can we change them? N Z J
Agric Res 61:315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2018.
1430590
Cutler EJB (1966) Some pedological factors of importance to the
pasture ecosystem in the South Island. Proc N Z Ecol Soc 13:65–68
Davies J (2017) The business case for soil. Nature 543:309–311.
https://doi.org/10.1038/543309a
Deloitte (2018) New Zealand’s food story: the Pukekohe hub. Quick
stats on horticulture in New Zealand and reports. https://news.
fuseworksmedia.com/977fca0b03b941e188dc482236d0ce09?utm_
source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter
Dominati E (2011) Quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services of
pastoral soils under dairy use. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 413p
Dominati E, Patterson M, Mackay A (2010) A framework for
classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem
services of soils. Ecol Econ 69:1858–1868
Dominati E, Mackay A, Bouma J et al (2016) An ecosystems approach
to quantify soil performance for multiple outcomes: the future of
land evaluation? Soil Sci Soc Am J 80:438–449
Duchaufour P (1982) Pedology (trans: Paton TR) George Allen &
Unwin, London, 448p
Duchaufour P, Souchier B (1978) Roles of iron and clay in genesis of
acid soils under a humid, temperate climate. Geoderma 20:15–26
Elliott S, McBride G, Shankar U et al (2008) CLUES spatial DSS: from
farm-scale leaching models to regional decision support. In:
Sanches-Marre M, Bejar J, Comas J et al (eds) Proceedings of the
international modelling congress on environmental modelling and
software integrating sciences and information technology for
environmental assessment and decision making 4th Biennial
meeting. International Environmental Modelling and Software
Society (iEMS)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (1976)
A framework for land evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin 32. Rome,
Italy. ISBN 92-5-100111-1. http://www.fao.org/3/X5310E/
x5310e00.htm#Contents
FAO (1988) Soil map of the world, revised legend. World Soil
Resources Report 60. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
United Nations, Rome
Farmer VC, Mew B, Clayden B et al (1984) Hypothesis on the
pedogenesis of the ‘gley podzols’ of the west coast of South Island,
New Zealand. J Soil Sci 35:99–102
Fraser S, Jones H, Hill R et al (2014) Soil windows—unravelling soils
in the landscape at farm scale. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL
(eds) Nutrient management for the farm, catchment and community.
Occasional Report No 27. Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre,
310
18 Conclusion: Global Context, Formation Pathways …
irreplaceable resource if the current rates of urbanisation
continue unabated. Soil is indeed a precious resource that
should never be taken for granted.
The vision is that all New Zealanders appreciate the soil
as a taonga that is critical for life on Earth, recycling nutrients, supporting plant growth, and providing us with food.
Soils and associated ecosystems support all the unique terrestrial living organisms of Aotearoa. Soil is also our final
resting place. Thus understanding and providing kaitiakitanga for the soil, with a sense of awe at soil’s infinite
variety, beauty, resilience, and the growth that soil supports
is an important duty of all people in Aotearoa.
Further Reading
Almond PC, Tonkin PJ (1999) Pedogenesis by upbuilding in an
extreme leaching and weathering environment, and slow loess
accretion, south Westland, New Zealand. Geoderma 92:1–36
Andrew R, Dymond JR (2013) Expansion of lifestyle blocks and urban
areas onto high-class land: an update for planning and policy. J R
Soc N Z 43:128–140
Atkinson JD (1976) DSIR’s first fifty years. New Zealand Department
of Scientific and Industrial Research Information Series 115, 220p
Batjes NH (1996) Total carbon and nitrogen in soils of the world. Eur J
Soil Sci 47:151–163
Beare MH, Williams H, Cameron KC (1999) On-farm monitoring of
soil quality for sustainable crop production. In: Currie LD, Hedley MJ, Horne DJ, Loganathan P (eds) Best soil management
practices for production. Proceedings of the 12th annual fertilizer
and Lime Research Centre workshop, Massey University, pp 81–90
Best E (1925) Maori agriculture. Dominion Museum Bulletin No 9, 315
p. Reprinted 1976. Whitcombe & Tombs, Wellington
Blum WEH, Warkentin BR, Frossard EE (2006) Soil, human society
and the environment. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 266:1–8
Brook MS, Ferrar S (2019) Hartley Travers Ferrar (1879–1932) and his
geological legacy in Antarctica, Egypt and New Zealand. Earth Sci
Hist 38:43–58
Brooking T, Pawson E (2011) Seeds of empire: the environmental
transformation of New Zealand. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, London,
276p
Büneman EK, Bongiorno G, Bai Z et al (2018) Soil quality—a critical
review. Soil Biol Biochem 120:105–125
Campbell IB, Balks MR, Claridge GGC (1993) A simple visual
technique for estimating the impact of fieldwork on the terrestrial
environment in ice-free areas of Antarctica. Polar Rec 29:321–328
Carrick S (2002) Methodology for soil versatility evaluation in the
Southland region. Landcare Research Contract Report:
LC0203/013. Funded by Crops for Southland and Environment
Southland, 45p
Carrick S, Hainsworth S, Lilburne L et al (2014) S-map @ the farm
scale? Towards a national protocol for soil mapping for farm
nutrient budgets. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL (eds) Nutrient
management for the farm, catchment and community. http:// rc.
massey.ac.nz/publications.html. Occasional Report No 27. Fertilizer
and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North,
11p
Chapin FS (1993) The evolutionary basis of biogeochemical soil
development. Geoderma 57:223–227
Collins S, Larry E (2007) Caring for our natural assets: an ecosystem
services perspective. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Portland, OR, 11p
Curran-Cournane F (2018) Land use pressures confronting finite land
and soil resources—Pukekohe test case. Report prepared for
Ministry for Primary Industries by Auckland Council. Research
and Evaluation Unit, Auckland Council, 29p
Curran-Cournane F, Fraser S, Hicks D et al (2013) Changes in soil
quality and land use in grazed pasture within rural Auckland. N Z J
Agric Res 56:102–116
Curran-Cournane F, Vaughan M, Memon A et al (2014) Trade-offs
between high class land and development: recent and future
pressures on Auckland’s valuable soil resources. Land Use Policy
39:146–154
Curran-Cournane F, Cain T, Greenhalgh S et al (2016) Attitudes of a
farming community towards urban growth and rural fragmentation
—an Auckland case study. Land Use Policy 58:241–250
Curran-Cournane F, Golubiewski N, Buckthought L (2018) The odds
appear stacked against versatile land: can we change them? N Z J
Agric Res 61:315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2018.
1430590
Cutler EJB (1966) Some pedological factors of importance to the
pasture ecosystem in the South Island. Proc N Z Ecol Soc 13:65–68
Davies J (2017) The business case for soil. Nature 543:309–311.
https://doi.org/10.1038/543309a
Deloitte (2018) New Zealand’s food story: the Pukekohe hub. Quick
stats on horticulture in New Zealand and reports. https://news.
fuseworksmedia.com/977fca0b03b941e188dc482236d0ce09?utm_
source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter
Dominati E (2011) Quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services of
pastoral soils under dairy use. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 413p
Dominati E, Patterson M, Mackay A (2010) A framework for
classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem
services of soils. Ecol Econ 69:1858–1868
Dominati E, Mackay A, Bouma J et al (2016) An ecosystems approach
to quantify soil performance for multiple outcomes: the future of
land evaluation? Soil Sci Soc Am J 80:438–449
Duchaufour P (1982) Pedology (trans: Paton TR) George Allen &
Unwin, London, 448p
Duchaufour P, Souchier B (1978) Roles of iron and clay in genesis of
acid soils under a humid, temperate climate. Geoderma 20:15–26
Elliott S, McBride G, Shankar U et al (2008) CLUES spatial DSS: from
farm-scale leaching models to regional decision support. In:
Sanches-Marre M, Bejar J, Comas J et al (eds) Proceedings of the
international modelling congress on environmental modelling and
software integrating sciences and information technology for
environmental assessment and decision making 4th Biennial
meeting. International Environmental Modelling and Software
Society (iEMS)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (1976)
A framework for land evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin 32. Rome,
Italy. ISBN 92-5-100111-1. http://www.fao.org/3/X5310E/
x5310e00.htm#Contents
FAO (1988) Soil map of the world, revised legend. World Soil
Resources Report 60. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
United Nations, Rome
Farmer VC, Mew B, Clayden B et al (1984) Hypothesis on the
pedogenesis of the ‘gley podzols’ of the west coast of South Island,
New Zealand. J Soil Sci 35:99–102
Fraser S, Jones H, Hill R et al (2014) Soil windows—unravelling soils
in the landscape at farm scale. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL
(eds) Nutrient management for the farm, catchment and community.
Occasional Report No 27. Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre,
310
18 Conclusion: Global Context, Formation Pathways …