36 The New Ecology
41 Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: A History from the Telegraph to the Internet, London: Routledge, 1998, p. 13.
42 Fermando de la Cruz Paragas, and Trisha Lin, “Organizing and Reframing Technological Determinism”, New Media & Society, 18.8(2016),
pp. 1528–1546.
43 Gibson Burrell, and Gareth Morgan, Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, London and New York: Heinemann, 1979, pp. 26–33.
44 Alphabet, the parent holding company, changed Google’s original slogan
“Don’t be evil” – a reference to Microsoft’s monopoly power in the late
1990s – to “Do the right thing” in 2015.
45 Paragas and Lin, p. 1529.
46 Paragas and Lin, pp. 1535–1536.
47 Max Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,
London: Penguin, 2018, p. 18.
48 Tegmark is a member of the Effective Altruism Global forum, and a regular
contributor to its events at www.eaglobal.org/speakers/max-tegmark/.
49 Vladimir M. Petrović, “Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Worlds – Toward
Human-Level AI Agents”, IEEE Access, 6(2018), pp. 39976–39988.
50 Warren McCulloch, and Walter Pitts, “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity”, The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,
5.4(1943), pp. 115–133; Turing Alan, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind, 49(1950), pp. 433–460.
51 Jerry A. Fodor, The Language of Thought, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975; Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon, “Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search”, Communications of the
Association for Computing Machinery, 19.3(1976), pp. 113–126.
52 Daniel Crevier, AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New
York: BasicBooks, 1993, p. 17.
53 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology,
London: Duckworth and Co., 2005.
54 Steve LeVine, “AI Researchers are Halting Work on Human-like Machines”,
Axios, 3 June, 2018, www.axios.com/ai-researchers-are-halting-work-onhuman-like-machines-c7c821c2-59b1-40da-bdb4-e2a368b215aa.html.
55 Noam Chomsky, “On Cognitive Structures and their Development: A reply
to Piaget”, in Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini (ed.), Language and Learning:
The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1980.
56 Turing, pp. 433–434.
57 Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers Can’t Do, New York: MIT Press, 1972.
58 John Searle, “The Chinese Room”, in Robert A. Wilson and Frank Keil
(eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1999, p. 115.
59 “Turing Test Success Marks Milestone in Computing History”, University
of Reading, 8 June, 2014, www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/
PR583836.aspx.
60 W. Grey Walter, “An Imitation of Life”, Scientific American, 1 May 1950.
61 Stuart Russell, and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, revised edition, London: Pearson, 2016, pp. 4–5.
62 Jerry A. Fodor, The Modularity of Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1983.
63 Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial
Reason, revised edition, New York: MIT Press, 1992, p. xviii.
64 Luke Dormehl, The Apple Revolution: Steve Jobs, the Counterculture and How
the Crazy Ones Took over the World, London: Virgin Books, 2013, p. 411.
41 Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: A History from the Telegraph to the Internet, London: Routledge, 1998, p. 13.
42 Fermando de la Cruz Paragas, and Trisha Lin, “Organizing and Reframing Technological Determinism”, New Media & Society, 18.8(2016),
pp. 1528–1546.
43 Gibson Burrell, and Gareth Morgan, Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, London and New York: Heinemann, 1979, pp. 26–33.
44 Alphabet, the parent holding company, changed Google’s original slogan
“Don’t be evil” – a reference to Microsoft’s monopoly power in the late
1990s – to “Do the right thing” in 2015.
45 Paragas and Lin, p. 1529.
46 Paragas and Lin, pp. 1535–1536.
47 Max Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,
London: Penguin, 2018, p. 18.
48 Tegmark is a member of the Effective Altruism Global forum, and a regular
contributor to its events at www.eaglobal.org/speakers/max-tegmark/.
49 Vladimir M. Petrović, “Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Worlds – Toward
Human-Level AI Agents”, IEEE Access, 6(2018), pp. 39976–39988.
50 Warren McCulloch, and Walter Pitts, “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity”, The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,
5.4(1943), pp. 115–133; Turing Alan, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind, 49(1950), pp. 433–460.
51 Jerry A. Fodor, The Language of Thought, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975; Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon, “Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search”, Communications of the
Association for Computing Machinery, 19.3(1976), pp. 113–126.
52 Daniel Crevier, AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New
York: BasicBooks, 1993, p. 17.
53 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology,
London: Duckworth and Co., 2005.
54 Steve LeVine, “AI Researchers are Halting Work on Human-like Machines”,
Axios, 3 June, 2018, www.axios.com/ai-researchers-are-halting-work-onhuman-like-machines-c7c821c2-59b1-40da-bdb4-e2a368b215aa.html.
55 Noam Chomsky, “On Cognitive Structures and their Development: A reply
to Piaget”, in Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini (ed.), Language and Learning:
The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1980.
56 Turing, pp. 433–434.
57 Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers Can’t Do, New York: MIT Press, 1972.
58 John Searle, “The Chinese Room”, in Robert A. Wilson and Frank Keil
(eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1999, p. 115.
59 “Turing Test Success Marks Milestone in Computing History”, University
of Reading, 8 June, 2014, www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/
PR583836.aspx.
60 W. Grey Walter, “An Imitation of Life”, Scientific American, 1 May 1950.
61 Stuart Russell, and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, revised edition, London: Pearson, 2016, pp. 4–5.
62 Jerry A. Fodor, The Modularity of Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1983.
63 Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial
Reason, revised edition, New York: MIT Press, 1992, p. xviii.
64 Luke Dormehl, The Apple Revolution: Steve Jobs, the Counterculture and How
the Crazy Ones Took over the World, London: Virgin Books, 2013, p. 411.