Zombie Media 97
38 Aristotle, Metaphysics, transl. by William D. Ross, Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1928, 1.7.27.
39 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Real Inside Story of Mark
Zuckerberg and the World’s Fastest-Growing Company, London: Random
House, 2011, pp. 219–220.
40 Jeffrey Gottfried, and Elisa Shearer, ‘New Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016’, Pew Research Centre, May 26 2016, www.journalism.
org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/.
41 Siva Vaidhyanathan, Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and
Undermines Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33.
42 Emily Bell, ‘Facebook Is Being Taken Somewhere It Never Wanted to Go’,
Columbia Journalism Review, September 26 2016, www.cjr.org/tow_
center/facebook_zuckerberg_napalm_video_palestine.php.
43 See Samuel Gibbs, ‘Mark Zuckerbuerg Appears to Finally Admit Facebook is
a Media Company’, The Guardian, December 22 2016, www. theguardian.
com/technology/2016/dec/22/mark-zuckerberg-appears-to-finally- admitfacebook-is-a-media-company; Josh Constine, “Zuckerberg Implies
Facebook is a Media Company, Just ‘Not a Traditional Media Company’”,
TechCrunch, December 21, https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/21/fbonc/;
Matthew Ingram, ‘Mark Zuckerberg Finally Admits Facebook is a Media
Company’, Fortune, December 23 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/12/23/
zuckerberg-media-company/.
44 Ansgar Koene, ‘Facebook’s Algorithms Give it More Editorial Responsibility –
Not Less’, The Conversation, September 14 2016, http://theconversation.com/
facebooks-algorithms-give-it-more-editorial-responsibility-not-less-65182.
45 Karine Nahon, and Jeff Hemsley, Going Viral, Cambridge: Polity Press,
2013, p. 53.
46 Eli Pariser, ‘Beware Online Filter Bubbles’, TED Talks, www.ted.com/talks/
eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles/transcript?language=en.
47 Abby Ohlheiser, ‘Three Days After Removing Human Editors, Facebook is
Already Trending Fake News’, The Washington Post, August 29 2016, www.
washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/29/a-fake-headlineabout-megyn-kelly-was-trending-on-facebook/?utm_term=.878f35fd6904;
Sam Thielman, ‘Facebook Fires Trending Team, and Algorithm Without
Humans Goes Crazy’, The Guardian, 29 August 2016, www.theguardian.com/
technology/2016/aug/29/facebook-fires-trending-topics-team-algorithm.
48 Evann Gastaldo, ‘These Are the 5 Biggest Fake News Stories of the Year’, Newser,
December 30 2016, www.newser.com/story/236204/these-are-the-5-biggestfake-news-stories-of-the-year.html; Tom Cheshire, ‘Sky Views: Facebook’s
Fake News Threatens Democracy’, Sky News, 2017, http://news.sky.com/story/
sky-views-democracy-burns-as-facebook-lets-fake-news-thrive-10652711.
49 Kate Connolly, Angelique Chrisafis, Poppy McPherson, Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Benjamin Haas, Dominic Phillips, Elle Hunt, and Michael Safi,
‘Fake News: An Insidious Trend That’s Fast Becoming a Global Problem’,
The Guardian, December 2 2016, www.theguardian.com/media/2016/
dec/02/fake-news-facebook-us-election-around-the-world.
50 Craig Silverman, ‘This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News
Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook’, Buzzfeed News,
November 16 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-electionnews- outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.ttXJ2z592#.
lmo6BWd4B.
51 Massimo Calabresi, ‘Election Hackers Altered Voter Rolls, Stole Private
Data, Officials Say’, Time, June 22 2017, http://time.com/4828306/ russianhacking-election-widespread-private-data/; Liz Stark, ‘Russian Hackers Tried
38 Aristotle, Metaphysics, transl. by William D. Ross, Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1928, 1.7.27.
39 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Real Inside Story of Mark
Zuckerberg and the World’s Fastest-Growing Company, London: Random
House, 2011, pp. 219–220.
40 Jeffrey Gottfried, and Elisa Shearer, ‘New Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016’, Pew Research Centre, May 26 2016, www.journalism.
org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/.
41 Siva Vaidhyanathan, Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and
Undermines Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33.
42 Emily Bell, ‘Facebook Is Being Taken Somewhere It Never Wanted to Go’,
Columbia Journalism Review, September 26 2016, www.cjr.org/tow_
center/facebook_zuckerberg_napalm_video_palestine.php.
43 See Samuel Gibbs, ‘Mark Zuckerbuerg Appears to Finally Admit Facebook is
a Media Company’, The Guardian, December 22 2016, www. theguardian.
com/technology/2016/dec/22/mark-zuckerberg-appears-to-finally- admitfacebook-is-a-media-company; Josh Constine, “Zuckerberg Implies
Facebook is a Media Company, Just ‘Not a Traditional Media Company’”,
TechCrunch, December 21, https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/21/fbonc/;
Matthew Ingram, ‘Mark Zuckerberg Finally Admits Facebook is a Media
Company’, Fortune, December 23 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/12/23/
zuckerberg-media-company/.
44 Ansgar Koene, ‘Facebook’s Algorithms Give it More Editorial Responsibility –
Not Less’, The Conversation, September 14 2016, http://theconversation.com/
facebooks-algorithms-give-it-more-editorial-responsibility-not-less-65182.
45 Karine Nahon, and Jeff Hemsley, Going Viral, Cambridge: Polity Press,
2013, p. 53.
46 Eli Pariser, ‘Beware Online Filter Bubbles’, TED Talks, www.ted.com/talks/
eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles/transcript?language=en.
47 Abby Ohlheiser, ‘Three Days After Removing Human Editors, Facebook is
Already Trending Fake News’, The Washington Post, August 29 2016, www.
washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/29/a-fake-headlineabout-megyn-kelly-was-trending-on-facebook/?utm_term=.878f35fd6904;
Sam Thielman, ‘Facebook Fires Trending Team, and Algorithm Without
Humans Goes Crazy’, The Guardian, 29 August 2016, www.theguardian.com/
technology/2016/aug/29/facebook-fires-trending-topics-team-algorithm.
48 Evann Gastaldo, ‘These Are the 5 Biggest Fake News Stories of the Year’, Newser,
December 30 2016, www.newser.com/story/236204/these-are-the-5-biggestfake-news-stories-of-the-year.html; Tom Cheshire, ‘Sky Views: Facebook’s
Fake News Threatens Democracy’, Sky News, 2017, http://news.sky.com/story/
sky-views-democracy-burns-as-facebook-lets-fake-news-thrive-10652711.
49 Kate Connolly, Angelique Chrisafis, Poppy McPherson, Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Benjamin Haas, Dominic Phillips, Elle Hunt, and Michael Safi,
‘Fake News: An Insidious Trend That’s Fast Becoming a Global Problem’,
The Guardian, December 2 2016, www.theguardian.com/media/2016/
dec/02/fake-news-facebook-us-election-around-the-world.
50 Craig Silverman, ‘This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News
Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook’, Buzzfeed News,
November 16 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-electionnews- outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.ttXJ2z592#.
lmo6BWd4B.
51 Massimo Calabresi, ‘Election Hackers Altered Voter Rolls, Stole Private
Data, Officials Say’, Time, June 22 2017, http://time.com/4828306/ russianhacking-election-widespread-private-data/; Liz Stark, ‘Russian Hackers Tried