96 Zombie Media
18 Brian McNair, Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Public
Sphere, London: Routledge, 1999, p. 1.
19 Bob Franklin, ‘Introduction’, in Bob Franklin (ed.), The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty, Abingdon:
Routledge, 2017, np.
20 Jamie Bartlett, The People Vs Tech: How the Internet is Killing Democracy
(and How We Save It), London: Ebury Press, 2018, pp. 1–3.
21 Michael M. Grynbaum, “Trump Strategist Stephen Bannon Says Media
Should ‘Keep its Mouth Shut’”, The New York Times, January 26 2017,
www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/business/media/stephen-bannon-trumpnews-media.html?_r=0.
22 Garth S. Jowett, and Victoria J. O’Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion,
6th edition, London: Sage, 2014, pp. 7–8.
23 Megan Knight, and Claire Cook, Social Media for Journalists: Principles
and Practice, London: Sage, 2013, p. 106.
24 Alfred Hermida, ‘Tweets and Truth: Journalism as a Discipline of Collaborative Verification’, Journalism Practice, 6.5–6(2011), pp. 659–668.
25 Art Swift, ‘Americans’ Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low’, Gallup,
September 14 2016, www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-massmedia-sinks-new-low.aspx.
26 Matthew Gentzkow, and Jesse Shapiro, ‘Media Bias and Reputation’, Journal of Political Economy, 114.2(2006), pp. 280–316.
27 David Manning White, ‘The “Gate-Keeper”: A Case Study in the Selection
of News’, Journalism Quarterly, 27(1950), pp. 383–390; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Communication Concepts 3: Gatekeeping, Newbury Park, CA:
Sage, 1991. See also D. Charles Whitney and Lee B. Becker, ‘“Keeping the
Gates” for Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News’, Journalism Quaterly,
59.1(1982), pp. 60–65 and Stephen D. Reese and Jane Ballinger, ‘The Roots
of a Sociology of News: Remembering Mr Gates and Social Control in the
Newsroom’, Journalism and Mass Communications Quarterly, 78.4(2001),
pp. 641–658.
28 Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Tim P. Vos, Gatekeeping Theory, New York:
Routledge, 2009, pp. 1–2.
29 Shoemaker and Vos, pp. 26–27.
30 Shoemaker and Vos, pp. 113–116.
31 Shoemaker and Vos, p. 124.
32 Tim P. Vos, “Revisiting Gatekeeping Theory During a Time of Transition”,
in Tim P. Vos, and François Heinderyckx (eds.), Gatekeeping in Transition.
London: Routledge, 2015, pp. 3–24.
33 Sarah Myers West, “Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping
and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms”, Media and Communication, 5.3(2017), pp. 28–36.
34 Kasper Welbers, and Michaël Opgenhaffen, “Social Media Gatekeeping:
An Analysis of the Gatekeeping Influence of Newspapers’ Public Facebook
Pages”, New Media and Society, 20.12(2018), pp. 4278–4747.
35 Xin Luna Dong, Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Kevin Murphy, Van Dang, Wilko
Horn, Camillo Lugaresi, Shaohua Sun, and Wei Zang, ‘Knowledge-Based
Trust: Estimating the Trustworthiness of Web Sources’, Proceedings of the
VLDB Endowment, 2015, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03519.pdf.
36 Carole Cadwaladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’,
The Guardian, December 4 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/
dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook.
37 Tom Chatfield, ‘Is Google Autocomplete Evil?’ BBC Future, November 6
2013, www.bbc.com/future/story/20131106-is-google-autocomplete-evil.
18 Brian McNair, Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Public
Sphere, London: Routledge, 1999, p. 1.
19 Bob Franklin, ‘Introduction’, in Bob Franklin (ed.), The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty, Abingdon:
Routledge, 2017, np.
20 Jamie Bartlett, The People Vs Tech: How the Internet is Killing Democracy
(and How We Save It), London: Ebury Press, 2018, pp. 1–3.
21 Michael M. Grynbaum, “Trump Strategist Stephen Bannon Says Media
Should ‘Keep its Mouth Shut’”, The New York Times, January 26 2017,
www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/business/media/stephen-bannon-trumpnews-media.html?_r=0.
22 Garth S. Jowett, and Victoria J. O’Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion,
6th edition, London: Sage, 2014, pp. 7–8.
23 Megan Knight, and Claire Cook, Social Media for Journalists: Principles
and Practice, London: Sage, 2013, p. 106.
24 Alfred Hermida, ‘Tweets and Truth: Journalism as a Discipline of Collaborative Verification’, Journalism Practice, 6.5–6(2011), pp. 659–668.
25 Art Swift, ‘Americans’ Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low’, Gallup,
September 14 2016, www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-massmedia-sinks-new-low.aspx.
26 Matthew Gentzkow, and Jesse Shapiro, ‘Media Bias and Reputation’, Journal of Political Economy, 114.2(2006), pp. 280–316.
27 David Manning White, ‘The “Gate-Keeper”: A Case Study in the Selection
of News’, Journalism Quarterly, 27(1950), pp. 383–390; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Communication Concepts 3: Gatekeeping, Newbury Park, CA:
Sage, 1991. See also D. Charles Whitney and Lee B. Becker, ‘“Keeping the
Gates” for Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News’, Journalism Quaterly,
59.1(1982), pp. 60–65 and Stephen D. Reese and Jane Ballinger, ‘The Roots
of a Sociology of News: Remembering Mr Gates and Social Control in the
Newsroom’, Journalism and Mass Communications Quarterly, 78.4(2001),
pp. 641–658.
28 Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Tim P. Vos, Gatekeeping Theory, New York:
Routledge, 2009, pp. 1–2.
29 Shoemaker and Vos, pp. 26–27.
30 Shoemaker and Vos, pp. 113–116.
31 Shoemaker and Vos, p. 124.
32 Tim P. Vos, “Revisiting Gatekeeping Theory During a Time of Transition”,
in Tim P. Vos, and François Heinderyckx (eds.), Gatekeeping in Transition.
London: Routledge, 2015, pp. 3–24.
33 Sarah Myers West, “Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping
and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms”, Media and Communication, 5.3(2017), pp. 28–36.
34 Kasper Welbers, and Michaël Opgenhaffen, “Social Media Gatekeeping:
An Analysis of the Gatekeeping Influence of Newspapers’ Public Facebook
Pages”, New Media and Society, 20.12(2018), pp. 4278–4747.
35 Xin Luna Dong, Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Kevin Murphy, Van Dang, Wilko
Horn, Camillo Lugaresi, Shaohua Sun, and Wei Zang, ‘Knowledge-Based
Trust: Estimating the Trustworthiness of Web Sources’, Proceedings of the
VLDB Endowment, 2015, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03519.pdf.
36 Carole Cadwaladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’,
The Guardian, December 4 2016, www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/
dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook.
37 Tom Chatfield, ‘Is Google Autocomplete Evil?’ BBC Future, November 6
2013, www.bbc.com/future/story/20131106-is-google-autocomplete-evil.