23.6.5.7 Lipooxygenase (L ip
OX
se )
In the year of 1932, Andre et al. find that the bean flavor in soybeans is mainly
caused by lipoxygenase (LOX) and in 1947, Theorell et al. first extract L ip
OX
se
crystals from soybeans. The p
R
t content in soybean is about 40% and in mature S e
D ,
L ip
OX
se accounts for 1–2% of total p
R
t content (Pal et al. 2020). As compared to
other P
l
T the L ip
OX
se activity is higher in soybeans. Algae, baker’s yeast, fungi and
cyanogen bacteria also contain L ip
OX
se . The soybean S e
D have three iso E
z
m types
i.e. LOX-1, LOX-2, LOX-3 and soybean leaves (young), flowers and immature
pods have LOX-7 AND LOX-8 isozymes. LOX is an Oxido reductase, a non-heme
iron-containing p
R
t that specifically catalyzes polyunsaturated fatty acids with a
cis-1, 4-pentadiene producing a hydrogen peroxide derivative having a C o
Nj
T
double bond by intermolecular oxygenation. Though the active site of L ip
OX
se is not
fully understood but active site group may contain iron, aromatic A m
a and
methionine residue (Pal et al. 2019a; b).
23.6.5.8 Papain
It is derived from the roots, leaves, latex, and fruits of the P
l
T Carica papaya
(Papaya). It catalyzes the breakdown of p
R
t by hydrolysis (Pal et al. 2019a, b). It is
useful for the analysis of p
R
t , in tenderizing meat, in clarifying beer. It is also used
in toothpastes and cosmetics and also preparation of various remedies for indigestion, ulcers, fever and swelling (Saha and Pal 2020). Papain can trigger allergic
R e
at in susceptible individuals. Skin R e
at may occur following contact with fresh
latex from papaya. Hypersensitivity R e
at may be especially pronounced in persons
allergic to latex (Sachan et al. 2019).
23.7 Pharmaceutical Applications
Many E
z
m find many applications in pharmaceutical industries and various other
industries. It uses E
z
m for production of glucose syrups, crystalline glucose, high
fructose corn syrups, maltose syrups, and food, detergent, paper and textile
industries (Saha et al. 2017). It may be used in detergent industry as additives to
remove starch-based stains. It uses textile industry amylases for warp sizing of
textile fibers. In paper industry, it uses them for the reduction of starch viscosity for
coating of paper.
E
zm like proteoses, lipases or xylanases have a significant contribution in food industry. Bromelain is used in treatment of inflammation of soft
tissues and edema because of surgery and injury. Papain is used in clarification of
beverages and meat tenderizer; it also find its applications in cheese manufacture as
a substitute of renin (Nayak et al. 2018). Papain is used as an anti-inflammatory
agent; it has shown relieving symptoms of episiotomy. It uses E
z
m like pancreatic as
a digestive aid for converting starch in to dextrin and sugar (Soni et al.2017). Renin
23 Protein and Enzymes Isolated from Plant Sources …
815
OX
se )
In the year of 1932, Andre et al. find that the bean flavor in soybeans is mainly
caused by lipoxygenase (LOX) and in 1947, Theorell et al. first extract L ip
OX
se
crystals from soybeans. The p
R
t content in soybean is about 40% and in mature S e
D ,
L ip
OX
se accounts for 1–2% of total p
R
t content (Pal et al. 2020). As compared to
other P
l
T the L ip
OX
se activity is higher in soybeans. Algae, baker’s yeast, fungi and
cyanogen bacteria also contain L ip
OX
se . The soybean S e
D have three iso E
z
m types
i.e. LOX-1, LOX-2, LOX-3 and soybean leaves (young), flowers and immature
pods have LOX-7 AND LOX-8 isozymes. LOX is an Oxido reductase, a non-heme
iron-containing p
R
t that specifically catalyzes polyunsaturated fatty acids with a
cis-1, 4-pentadiene producing a hydrogen peroxide derivative having a C o
Nj
T
double bond by intermolecular oxygenation. Though the active site of L ip
OX
se is not
fully understood but active site group may contain iron, aromatic A m
a and
methionine residue (Pal et al. 2019a; b).
23.6.5.8 Papain
It is derived from the roots, leaves, latex, and fruits of the P
l
T Carica papaya
(Papaya). It catalyzes the breakdown of p
R
t by hydrolysis (Pal et al. 2019a, b). It is
useful for the analysis of p
R
t , in tenderizing meat, in clarifying beer. It is also used
in toothpastes and cosmetics and also preparation of various remedies for indigestion, ulcers, fever and swelling (Saha and Pal 2020). Papain can trigger allergic
R e
at in susceptible individuals. Skin R e
at may occur following contact with fresh
latex from papaya. Hypersensitivity R e
at may be especially pronounced in persons
allergic to latex (Sachan et al. 2019).
23.7 Pharmaceutical Applications
Many E
z
m find many applications in pharmaceutical industries and various other
industries. It uses E
z
m for production of glucose syrups, crystalline glucose, high
fructose corn syrups, maltose syrups, and food, detergent, paper and textile
industries (Saha et al. 2017). It may be used in detergent industry as additives to
remove starch-based stains. It uses textile industry amylases for warp sizing of
textile fibers. In paper industry, it uses them for the reduction of starch viscosity for
coating of paper.
E
zm like proteoses, lipases or xylanases have a significant contribution in food industry. Bromelain is used in treatment of inflammation of soft
tissues and edema because of surgery and injury. Papain is used in clarification of
beverages and meat tenderizer; it also find its applications in cheese manufacture as
a substitute of renin (Nayak et al. 2018). Papain is used as an anti-inflammatory
agent; it has shown relieving symptoms of episiotomy. It uses E
z
m like pancreatic as
a digestive aid for converting starch in to dextrin and sugar (Soni et al.2017). Renin
23 Protein and Enzymes Isolated from Plant Sources …
815