Electrostatic/Ionic Bonding
The forces of attraction can stabilize the tertiary structure of p
R
t between A m
a side
chains of opposite charge. For example; an electrostatic bond is present between –
NH 3
+ side chains of Leu and –COO side chains of Asp.
Hydrophobic Bonding
Sometimes p
R
t folds so that the hydrophobic side chains of A m
a (e.g.; Gly, Ala, Val,
Leu, lie, Pro, Met, Phe and Trp) are suppressed within the p
R
t , where they can
interact to form hydrophobic linkage and thus stabilizes the structure of p
R
t .
23.1.4.4 Quaternary Structure
Quaternary structure arises when two or more p
R
t molecules interact with each other
and form a large assembly or complex of p
R
t . Often, p
R
t comprise multiple poly P E
pt
chains and are mostly referred as p
R
t subunits in this context. These p
R
t subunits
may have different (as in a heterodimer) or same (as in a homodimer) poly P E
pt
chains. Thus, the quaternary structure is the interaction and arrangement of these p
R
t
with each other to form a larger aggregate p
R
t complex. The p
R
t with two or more
poly P E
pt linked with non-covalent interactions are quaternary p
R
t , e.g.;
Hemoglobin (a 2 b 2 ) (Fig. 23.2).
23.2 p
R
t Sources: Animals and P
l
T
Meat, milk products, milk, egg, fish, and poultry are rich sources of p
R
t containing
A m
a with a balanced level. Legumes, P
l
T food items, and nuts are also a source of
the same. P
l
T (vegetable) p
R
t and animal p
R
t are differentiated as: When animals’ p
R
t
consumed in enormous amounts, it leads to high risks of D
I
se like high blood
pressure and heart D
I
se because of high fat content in animals’ p
R
t . Animal p
R
t
hollered complete p
R
t because they balance it in a combination of all A m
a ; hence,
P
l
T (vegetable) p
R
t is incomplete p
R
t ; an exception is soya bean p
R
t . p
R
t can find
from vegetables, legumes and fruits whereas vegetable and fruits have less content
of p
R
t than legumes. It distributes p
R
t in every part of the plants. P
l
T are essential to
isolate p
R
t and useful for pharmaceutical industry (Tables 23.7 and 23.8).
802
O. P. Panda et al.
The forces of attraction can stabilize the tertiary structure of p
R
t between A m
a side
chains of opposite charge. For example; an electrostatic bond is present between –
NH 3
+ side chains of Leu and –COO side chains of Asp.
Hydrophobic Bonding
Sometimes p
R
t folds so that the hydrophobic side chains of A m
a (e.g.; Gly, Ala, Val,
Leu, lie, Pro, Met, Phe and Trp) are suppressed within the p
R
t , where they can
interact to form hydrophobic linkage and thus stabilizes the structure of p
R
t .
23.1.4.4 Quaternary Structure
Quaternary structure arises when two or more p
R
t molecules interact with each other
and form a large assembly or complex of p
R
t . Often, p
R
t comprise multiple poly P E
pt
chains and are mostly referred as p
R
t subunits in this context. These p
R
t subunits
may have different (as in a heterodimer) or same (as in a homodimer) poly P E
pt
chains. Thus, the quaternary structure is the interaction and arrangement of these p
R
t
with each other to form a larger aggregate p
R
t complex. The p
R
t with two or more
poly P E
pt linked with non-covalent interactions are quaternary p
R
t , e.g.;
Hemoglobin (a 2 b 2 ) (Fig. 23.2).
23.2 p
R
t Sources: Animals and P
l
T
Meat, milk products, milk, egg, fish, and poultry are rich sources of p
R
t containing
A m
a with a balanced level. Legumes, P
l
T food items, and nuts are also a source of
the same. P
l
T (vegetable) p
R
t and animal p
R
t are differentiated as: When animals’ p
R
t
consumed in enormous amounts, it leads to high risks of D
I
se like high blood
pressure and heart D
I
se because of high fat content in animals’ p
R
t . Animal p
R
t
hollered complete p
R
t because they balance it in a combination of all A m
a ; hence,
P
l
T (vegetable) p
R
t is incomplete p
R
t ; an exception is soya bean p
R
t . p
R
t can find
from vegetables, legumes and fruits whereas vegetable and fruits have less content
of p
R
t than legumes. It distributes p
R
t in every part of the plants. P
l
T are essential to
isolate p
R
t and useful for pharmaceutical industry (Tables 23.7 and 23.8).
802
O. P. Panda et al.