obtained from Terminalia chebula also can act as anti-alzheimer by inhibiting
acetylcholinesterase and NMDA receptor (Afshari et al. 2016).
In-vivo anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated of tannin (procyanidin) obtained
from the bark of Sclerocarya birrea as it inhibits intestinal transit rather than to
inhibition of net secretion of fluid and electrolytes provoked by the laxative agents
(Galvez et al. 1991). The gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from Galla Rhois
(GEGR) gave laxative effects due to its ability to recover the colon structure, to
increase the production of mucin, and downstream signaling pathway of muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors via G-protein coupled receptor (Kim et al. 2016). Laxative
effect can also be seen by tannin extract of Mareya micrantha, Aloe ferox, Urginea
indica, Fumaria parviflora, Phyllanthus emblica etc. (Hwang 2018).
21.10 Tannins in Industry
Tannins or tannic acid are found to be in charge of the application in ink manufacture, dye industry, plastic resin industry, water purification process, manufacturing of adhesives, surface coatings, and cosmetics etc. (Ramakrishnan and
Krishnan 1994). Tannins are mainly considered in processing leather from animal
skin in industry. They bind to the protein collagen present in the skin and make
crosslinking among them to produce leather, thus preventing the disintegration and
decompose of the fibres. A variety of tanning agents are used for tanning but the
three main types of tanning are vegetable tanning, chromium III and synthetic
tanning (Falcão and Araújo 2018; Covington 1997). The leather possess the
properties of better resistance, elasticity and softness due to its better durability. In
this way, the leather becomes an extremely flexible material that can be used for
different applications from bags to shoes, from belts to jewellery, but even for
leather sofas and armchairs, cell phone and tablet cases, clothing and outerwear.
21.11 Tannins in Cosmeceuticals
For the effectiveness of cosmeceuticals, the topically applied cosmetic products have
to overcome stratum corneum barrier and penetrate into the skin epidermis and
dermis layer after the release of active ingredients to give their activities. This whole
process solely depends upon different properties such as molecular weight,
lipophilicity, vehicle formulation etc. (Löf et al. 2011). It was reported that
polyphenols can show slight rheological properties as well as their stability, particularly, the decrease of viscosity, surface active properties (Di Mambro and
Fonseca 2005). For example, catechin can decrease the surface tension by emerging
itself at the air/water interface. In the o/w emulsion, different tannin units like gallic
acid, catechin etc. decreases the surface tension, which results in alteration of droplet
sizes of emulsions in some cases and thus improving the dispersion state of emulsion
746
S. Mal and D. Pal
acetylcholinesterase and NMDA receptor (Afshari et al. 2016).
In-vivo anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated of tannin (procyanidin) obtained
from the bark of Sclerocarya birrea as it inhibits intestinal transit rather than to
inhibition of net secretion of fluid and electrolytes provoked by the laxative agents
(Galvez et al. 1991). The gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from Galla Rhois
(GEGR) gave laxative effects due to its ability to recover the colon structure, to
increase the production of mucin, and downstream signaling pathway of muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors via G-protein coupled receptor (Kim et al. 2016). Laxative
effect can also be seen by tannin extract of Mareya micrantha, Aloe ferox, Urginea
indica, Fumaria parviflora, Phyllanthus emblica etc. (Hwang 2018).
21.10 Tannins in Industry
Tannins or tannic acid are found to be in charge of the application in ink manufacture, dye industry, plastic resin industry, water purification process, manufacturing of adhesives, surface coatings, and cosmetics etc. (Ramakrishnan and
Krishnan 1994). Tannins are mainly considered in processing leather from animal
skin in industry. They bind to the protein collagen present in the skin and make
crosslinking among them to produce leather, thus preventing the disintegration and
decompose of the fibres. A variety of tanning agents are used for tanning but the
three main types of tanning are vegetable tanning, chromium III and synthetic
tanning (Falcão and Araújo 2018; Covington 1997). The leather possess the
properties of better resistance, elasticity and softness due to its better durability. In
this way, the leather becomes an extremely flexible material that can be used for
different applications from bags to shoes, from belts to jewellery, but even for
leather sofas and armchairs, cell phone and tablet cases, clothing and outerwear.
21.11 Tannins in Cosmeceuticals
For the effectiveness of cosmeceuticals, the topically applied cosmetic products have
to overcome stratum corneum barrier and penetrate into the skin epidermis and
dermis layer after the release of active ingredients to give their activities. This whole
process solely depends upon different properties such as molecular weight,
lipophilicity, vehicle formulation etc. (Löf et al. 2011). It was reported that
polyphenols can show slight rheological properties as well as their stability, particularly, the decrease of viscosity, surface active properties (Di Mambro and
Fonseca 2005). For example, catechin can decrease the surface tension by emerging
itself at the air/water interface. In the o/w emulsion, different tannin units like gallic
acid, catechin etc. decreases the surface tension, which results in alteration of droplet
sizes of emulsions in some cases and thus improving the dispersion state of emulsion
746
S. Mal and D. Pal