of curcumin was also reported when it was encapsulated in leicithin-based liposome
exhibiting improved oral bioavailability in animal model (Takahashi et al. 2009).
Formulating the Curcuma longa (Ukon) extract (LUE) into liposomes was found to
deliver better protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury as compared to the uncapsulated extract (Takahashi et al. 2008). Liposomes are also
adaptable to functionalization with targeting ligands to improve their effectiveness
in cancer therapy. Kappaphycus alvarezii extract containing multi-bioactive compounds was encapsulated into PEGylated-liposome and then functionalized with
folic acid to target folate positive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (Baskararaj et al.
2020). The constructed liposome was highly stable in the physiological buffers with
steady drug release and also exhibit cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 in a
concentration-dependent manner.
Liposomal formulation also contributes to the improvement in physicochemical
properties of natural bioactive compounds such as solubility and stability. Chemical
stability of resveratrol was enhanced by liposomes and along with 3-oxo-C 12 -
homoserine lactone, about 70% inhibition of tumor growth in murine tumor model
was reported when they are administered intravenously (Coimbra et al. 2011).
Encapsulation of enriched-phenolic fraction of the extract from Pistacia vera L
into nanoliposome exhibits multiple bioactivity including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-melanogenic activities making it a promising cosmeceutical preparation for skin pigmentation disorders (Oskoueian et al. 2020). Promotion
of stability and enhancement in bioactivity of quercetin (Hao et al. 2017) and bitter
gourd (Momordica charantia) (Erami et al. 2019) were also reported with their
nanoliposomal formulations.
Proliposome systems were also developed with an objective of enhancing the
stability and oral bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs. Compared to liposomes,
proliposomes are highly stable and obtained in dry, free-flowing particles which
form liposomal suspension immediately on contact with water (Yan-yu et al. 2006).
Presenting the whole system in the form of solid makes proliposome highly stable
while the intrinsic pharmacological properties remain intact.
Phytosomes are complex of phospholipid with herbal extracts developed to
enhance the oral bioavailability of natural bioactive compounds. It is a patented
technology developed in Italy around 1989 and several phytosome products are
already available in the market (Pachuau 2019). The complexation of phosphatidylcholine (phospholipid) with polyphenols in phytosomes led to the formation of intermolecular bond between these two and the amphiphilic nature of the
phosphatidylcholine promotes the miscibility of the complex with aqueous and lipid
solvents which guide the polyphenol to permeate the lipid-based GI tract lumen
(Kidd 2009). Delivery of polyphenols in the form of phytosomes has the capacity to
enhance the oral bioavailability of polyphenols at least by 2–6 times (Ajazuddin and
Saraf 2010; Kidd 2009). The ratio of the bioactive compounds to the phosphatidylcholine has been considered to be important factor in phytosome formulations. This bioactive compound:phospholipid ratio may range from 0.5:1 to 3:1
and the optimum ratio may depend on the kind of phytochemicals being complexed
(Pachuau 2019). Frequently, a combination of bioactive phytochemicals has been
700
L. Pachuau et al.
exhibiting improved oral bioavailability in animal model (Takahashi et al. 2009).
Formulating the Curcuma longa (Ukon) extract (LUE) into liposomes was found to
deliver better protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury as compared to the uncapsulated extract (Takahashi et al. 2008). Liposomes are also
adaptable to functionalization with targeting ligands to improve their effectiveness
in cancer therapy. Kappaphycus alvarezii extract containing multi-bioactive compounds was encapsulated into PEGylated-liposome and then functionalized with
folic acid to target folate positive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (Baskararaj et al.
2020). The constructed liposome was highly stable in the physiological buffers with
steady drug release and also exhibit cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 in a
concentration-dependent manner.
Liposomal formulation also contributes to the improvement in physicochemical
properties of natural bioactive compounds such as solubility and stability. Chemical
stability of resveratrol was enhanced by liposomes and along with 3-oxo-C 12 -
homoserine lactone, about 70% inhibition of tumor growth in murine tumor model
was reported when they are administered intravenously (Coimbra et al. 2011).
Encapsulation of enriched-phenolic fraction of the extract from Pistacia vera L
into nanoliposome exhibits multiple bioactivity including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-melanogenic activities making it a promising cosmeceutical preparation for skin pigmentation disorders (Oskoueian et al. 2020). Promotion
of stability and enhancement in bioactivity of quercetin (Hao et al. 2017) and bitter
gourd (Momordica charantia) (Erami et al. 2019) were also reported with their
nanoliposomal formulations.
Proliposome systems were also developed with an objective of enhancing the
stability and oral bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs. Compared to liposomes,
proliposomes are highly stable and obtained in dry, free-flowing particles which
form liposomal suspension immediately on contact with water (Yan-yu et al. 2006).
Presenting the whole system in the form of solid makes proliposome highly stable
while the intrinsic pharmacological properties remain intact.
Phytosomes are complex of phospholipid with herbal extracts developed to
enhance the oral bioavailability of natural bioactive compounds. It is a patented
technology developed in Italy around 1989 and several phytosome products are
already available in the market (Pachuau 2019). The complexation of phosphatidylcholine (phospholipid) with polyphenols in phytosomes led to the formation of intermolecular bond between these two and the amphiphilic nature of the
phosphatidylcholine promotes the miscibility of the complex with aqueous and lipid
solvents which guide the polyphenol to permeate the lipid-based GI tract lumen
(Kidd 2009). Delivery of polyphenols in the form of phytosomes has the capacity to
enhance the oral bioavailability of polyphenols at least by 2–6 times (Ajazuddin and
Saraf 2010; Kidd 2009). The ratio of the bioactive compounds to the phosphatidylcholine has been considered to be important factor in phytosome formulations. This bioactive compound:phospholipid ratio may range from 0.5:1 to 3:1
and the optimum ratio may depend on the kind of phytochemicals being complexed
(Pachuau 2019). Frequently, a combination of bioactive phytochemicals has been
700
L. Pachuau et al.