environmental factors during their storage (Bustamante et al. 2017). Procyanidins
extracted from grape seed oil was also encapsulated by spray-drying method using
gum arabic and maltodextrin as coating materials and in this manner, the stability
and shelf-life of the product were enhanced (Zhang et al. 2007). When freeze drying
was compared against spray drying for microencapsulation of bioactive compounds
extracted from Hibiscus Calyces using various encapsulating materials, encapsulation of anthocyanins was higher with freeze drying using gum arabic and yields
higher antioxidant activity, while in terms of physical properties, better results were
obtained with spray-drying method (Piovesana and Norena 2018).
Another improvement that microcapsules offered is the prospect of enhancing
the solubility, and hence the oral bioavailability of bioactive compounds.
Spray-congealing microencapsulation of wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.) extract
was found to enhance the aqueous solubility more than 18 times of the pure extract,
and in addition, there was only a minor decrease in the content of the bioactive
compounds, allicin, and S-methyl methanethiosulfonate over 3-month period of
storage (Tomsik et al. 2019). Microencapsulation also provides the opportunity for
sustained or controlled release of bioactive compounds for prolonged therapeutic
activity (Jain et al. 2015; Saifullah et al. 2019).
20.3.2 Nano-based Encapsulation Platforms for Bioactive
Compounds
Various nanotechnology-based platforms have been developed to overcome the low
oral bioavailability, systemic toxicity, or stability problems facing bioactive compounds. Enhancing oral bioavailability has been one of the major objectives of
these nanomedicinal preparations. The main focus of such enhancement schemes
encompasses the three oral bioavailability requirement steps like increasing the
aqueous solubility of bioactive compounds, enhancing the lipid partitioning or
permeability and reduction of first-pass metabolism (Pachuau 2019). Studies have
shown that encapsulation of bioactive phytochemicals in various nanoparticulate
systems was successful in achieving these objectives by controlling their release,
facilitating their systemic absorption, bypassing pre-systemic metabolism, and
enhancing the cellular uptake while also providing their stability (Ahmed et al.
2012; Aqil et al. 2013; Mukherjee et al. 2015).
20.3.2.1 Polymeric Nanocapsules
Nanocapsules differ from microcapsules only in their size; however, reduction of
particle size to nanometer range leads to remarkable advancement in their
physicochemical properties. Nanoencapsulation enhances dissolution of the drug,
membrane permeability stabilization of labile drugs, and controlled release of the
694
L. Pachuau et al.
extracted from grape seed oil was also encapsulated by spray-drying method using
gum arabic and maltodextrin as coating materials and in this manner, the stability
and shelf-life of the product were enhanced (Zhang et al. 2007). When freeze drying
was compared against spray drying for microencapsulation of bioactive compounds
extracted from Hibiscus Calyces using various encapsulating materials, encapsulation of anthocyanins was higher with freeze drying using gum arabic and yields
higher antioxidant activity, while in terms of physical properties, better results were
obtained with spray-drying method (Piovesana and Norena 2018).
Another improvement that microcapsules offered is the prospect of enhancing
the solubility, and hence the oral bioavailability of bioactive compounds.
Spray-congealing microencapsulation of wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.) extract
was found to enhance the aqueous solubility more than 18 times of the pure extract,
and in addition, there was only a minor decrease in the content of the bioactive
compounds, allicin, and S-methyl methanethiosulfonate over 3-month period of
storage (Tomsik et al. 2019). Microencapsulation also provides the opportunity for
sustained or controlled release of bioactive compounds for prolonged therapeutic
activity (Jain et al. 2015; Saifullah et al. 2019).
20.3.2 Nano-based Encapsulation Platforms for Bioactive
Compounds
Various nanotechnology-based platforms have been developed to overcome the low
oral bioavailability, systemic toxicity, or stability problems facing bioactive compounds. Enhancing oral bioavailability has been one of the major objectives of
these nanomedicinal preparations. The main focus of such enhancement schemes
encompasses the three oral bioavailability requirement steps like increasing the
aqueous solubility of bioactive compounds, enhancing the lipid partitioning or
permeability and reduction of first-pass metabolism (Pachuau 2019). Studies have
shown that encapsulation of bioactive phytochemicals in various nanoparticulate
systems was successful in achieving these objectives by controlling their release,
facilitating their systemic absorption, bypassing pre-systemic metabolism, and
enhancing the cellular uptake while also providing their stability (Ahmed et al.
2012; Aqil et al. 2013; Mukherjee et al. 2015).
20.3.2.1 Polymeric Nanocapsules
Nanocapsules differ from microcapsules only in their size; however, reduction of
particle size to nanometer range leads to remarkable advancement in their
physicochemical properties. Nanoencapsulation enhances dissolution of the drug,
membrane permeability stabilization of labile drugs, and controlled release of the
694
L. Pachuau et al.