ability of a raw and unrefined natural product to promote bone growth. Since this
early work, there has been a surge of research effort, including in vitro and in vivo
studies, as well as those specifically focusing on the proteins and mechanisms
involved in enhancing cellular activity, making nacre an excellent case study of
bioactive research (Kose et al. 2016).
A good example of the in vitro work which is conducted with used water soluble
matrix (WSM) that is extracted from the oyster Pinctada fucata. This study
demonstrates both the ability of nacre to enhance osteoblast differentiation (increased Col-I, osteocalcin, and ALP expression) and its ability to scavenge free
radicals, suggesting an antioxidant potential that may also support bone regeneration. WSM has also been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in an
ovariectomized mouse model of osteoporosis, in part attributed to increased Runx2
and Fos-related antigen-1 expression as a result of JNK pathway stimulation in
osteoblasts. Furthermore, the extract suppresses actin ring formation and
RANKL-induced upregulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 in osteoclasts. Other in vivo
work shows nacre implanted into rat femurs supported new bone formation,
implant/bone fusion, and increased expression of numerous markers indicative of
increased BMU action (Uchiyama et al. 2003).
Aquamin derived from Lithothamnioncorallioides (red alage) includes calcium,
magnesium and approx 72 other trace minerals. L. corallioides is famous for its
uniqueness that comes under the few algal species who produces a calcareous
skeleton. L. corallioides generally found on muddy/sandy substrates (at less than
20 m in depth) with assemblage of unattached algae (Yamaguchi and Matsumoto
2012).
Other examples include Haliotis discus, which is associated with osteoblastic
activity. Zoanthus sp. Includes Norzoanthamine, an alkaloid, responsible for anabolic
effects on bones and increases the formation of a collagen-hydroxyapatite composite.
Another natural marine compound with osteogenic potential is Phorbaketal A, derived
from the marine sponge Phorbas sp. This bioactive is shown to stimulate osteoblast
differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells, predominantly through activation of the
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway (Kose et al. 2016).
17.3.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities
Marine food or seafood also exerts anti-inflammatory effects because of the inhibition of certain inflammation mediators like cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc. by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) especially omega-3. Many
studies show that enhancing the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids (which
have pro-inflammatory and immunoactivity properties) in diet, can result in a
decrease in inflammation because eicosanoids derived from omega-3 have
anti-inflammatory activity (Sonani et al. 2014). Many works of literature and
experimental studies suggest that daily intake of fish or fish oil is very much
effective on inflammation. It is also found that fish oil can be taken as an alternative
17 Biological Activities of Marine Products …
607
early work, there has been a surge of research effort, including in vitro and in vivo
studies, as well as those specifically focusing on the proteins and mechanisms
involved in enhancing cellular activity, making nacre an excellent case study of
bioactive research (Kose et al. 2016).
A good example of the in vitro work which is conducted with used water soluble
matrix (WSM) that is extracted from the oyster Pinctada fucata. This study
demonstrates both the ability of nacre to enhance osteoblast differentiation (increased Col-I, osteocalcin, and ALP expression) and its ability to scavenge free
radicals, suggesting an antioxidant potential that may also support bone regeneration. WSM has also been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in an
ovariectomized mouse model of osteoporosis, in part attributed to increased Runx2
and Fos-related antigen-1 expression as a result of JNK pathway stimulation in
osteoblasts. Furthermore, the extract suppresses actin ring formation and
RANKL-induced upregulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 in osteoclasts. Other in vivo
work shows nacre implanted into rat femurs supported new bone formation,
implant/bone fusion, and increased expression of numerous markers indicative of
increased BMU action (Uchiyama et al. 2003).
Aquamin derived from Lithothamnioncorallioides (red alage) includes calcium,
magnesium and approx 72 other trace minerals. L. corallioides is famous for its
uniqueness that comes under the few algal species who produces a calcareous
skeleton. L. corallioides generally found on muddy/sandy substrates (at less than
20 m in depth) with assemblage of unattached algae (Yamaguchi and Matsumoto
2012).
Other examples include Haliotis discus, which is associated with osteoblastic
activity. Zoanthus sp. Includes Norzoanthamine, an alkaloid, responsible for anabolic
effects on bones and increases the formation of a collagen-hydroxyapatite composite.
Another natural marine compound with osteogenic potential is Phorbaketal A, derived
from the marine sponge Phorbas sp. This bioactive is shown to stimulate osteoblast
differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells, predominantly through activation of the
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway (Kose et al. 2016).
17.3.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities
Marine food or seafood also exerts anti-inflammatory effects because of the inhibition of certain inflammation mediators like cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc. by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) especially omega-3. Many
studies show that enhancing the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids (which
have pro-inflammatory and immunoactivity properties) in diet, can result in a
decrease in inflammation because eicosanoids derived from omega-3 have
anti-inflammatory activity (Sonani et al. 2014). Many works of literature and
experimental studies suggest that daily intake of fish or fish oil is very much
effective on inflammation. It is also found that fish oil can be taken as an alternative
17 Biological Activities of Marine Products …
607