Fucoidan, as we all know, can reduce lipid accumulation by stimulating lipolysis
which decreases weight gain. Researchers have studied the lipolitic activity of
fucoidan by examining the protein level of the hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and
the phosphorylated HSL (p-HSL) using Western blots. HSL is one of the most
important targets of lipolytic regulation (Menna et al. 2013). The subsequent
phosphorylation and activation of HSL result in an increase in the hydrolysis of
stored triacylglycerols into mono‐acylglycerols and free fatty acids. The level of
HSL and p‐HST has increased compared to the controls after fucoidan treatment of
differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes (Venegas-Calerón et al. 2010).
17.3.5 Bone Growth and Healing
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in which the density of bone decrease.
It mainly occurs when the body reabsorbs more bone tissue and produces less to
replace it. According to IOF (International Osteoporosis foundation) every 1 in 3
women over age 50 will experience osteoporotic fractures, as will 1 in 5 men aged
over 50. Overall, 61% osteoporotic fractures occur in women with a female to male
ratio of 1:6. Marine organisms have been proved itself as a potent source of osteogenic bioactive. Fucoidan isolated from Apostichopus japonicas (a sea cucumber)
exerts anti-resorptive and osteogenic activity (Granito et al. 2017; Al et al. 2013).
Kim et al. (2014) demonstrate the osteogenic effect with brown algal extracts
added to bone marrow macrophage cultures. This includes inhibition of
RANKL-dependent MAPKs and downregulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors. Other examples of algal extract which show osteogenic activity
is Sargassum horneri (brown algae) which stimulate osteoblast genesis and inhibit
osteoclast genesis in vitro in preosteoblastic and monocytic cell lines. Similarly
in vitro and in vivo work is performed on rat femoral tissue to study the ability of S.
horneri extracts and it is found that it increases the bone calcium content and
inhibits bone resorption.
Nacre which is generally available in powder form and also known as the mother
of pearl has now become the body of research. It is a lustrous aragonitic inner layer
that is found in molluscan shells and belongs to mussels and abalone taxa (Singh
et al. 2011). Similar to the bone, nacre also consists of both inorganic and organic
contents with an organic shell matrix comprises of proteins and other nutrition. It is
used as a template for calcium carbonate mineralisation. Various studies on nacre
have been conducted since the early 1990s, with initial in vitro work showing its
capacity to stimulate the mineralization of human osteoblasts and the ability of
nacre to aid bone reconstruction in human maxillary defects. Here, nacre powder is
mixed with the blood of patients and injected into the defect site of eight
middle-aged female patients. The results show no evidence of toxic effect and
demonstrate enhanced mineralisation and good bio-dissolution of nacre within the
area of injection (Akakabe et al. 2014). The significance of this discovery is not
realised until a subsequent commentary is published, emphasising the remarkable
606
D. Pal and K. Raj
which decreases weight gain. Researchers have studied the lipolitic activity of
fucoidan by examining the protein level of the hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and
the phosphorylated HSL (p-HSL) using Western blots. HSL is one of the most
important targets of lipolytic regulation (Menna et al. 2013). The subsequent
phosphorylation and activation of HSL result in an increase in the hydrolysis of
stored triacylglycerols into mono‐acylglycerols and free fatty acids. The level of
HSL and p‐HST has increased compared to the controls after fucoidan treatment of
differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes (Venegas-Calerón et al. 2010).
17.3.5 Bone Growth and Healing
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in which the density of bone decrease.
It mainly occurs when the body reabsorbs more bone tissue and produces less to
replace it. According to IOF (International Osteoporosis foundation) every 1 in 3
women over age 50 will experience osteoporotic fractures, as will 1 in 5 men aged
over 50. Overall, 61% osteoporotic fractures occur in women with a female to male
ratio of 1:6. Marine organisms have been proved itself as a potent source of osteogenic bioactive. Fucoidan isolated from Apostichopus japonicas (a sea cucumber)
exerts anti-resorptive and osteogenic activity (Granito et al. 2017; Al et al. 2013).
Kim et al. (2014) demonstrate the osteogenic effect with brown algal extracts
added to bone marrow macrophage cultures. This includes inhibition of
RANKL-dependent MAPKs and downregulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors. Other examples of algal extract which show osteogenic activity
is Sargassum horneri (brown algae) which stimulate osteoblast genesis and inhibit
osteoclast genesis in vitro in preosteoblastic and monocytic cell lines. Similarly
in vitro and in vivo work is performed on rat femoral tissue to study the ability of S.
horneri extracts and it is found that it increases the bone calcium content and
inhibits bone resorption.
Nacre which is generally available in powder form and also known as the mother
of pearl has now become the body of research. It is a lustrous aragonitic inner layer
that is found in molluscan shells and belongs to mussels and abalone taxa (Singh
et al. 2011). Similar to the bone, nacre also consists of both inorganic and organic
contents with an organic shell matrix comprises of proteins and other nutrition. It is
used as a template for calcium carbonate mineralisation. Various studies on nacre
have been conducted since the early 1990s, with initial in vitro work showing its
capacity to stimulate the mineralization of human osteoblasts and the ability of
nacre to aid bone reconstruction in human maxillary defects. Here, nacre powder is
mixed with the blood of patients and injected into the defect site of eight
middle-aged female patients. The results show no evidence of toxic effect and
demonstrate enhanced mineralisation and good bio-dissolution of nacre within the
area of injection (Akakabe et al. 2014). The significance of this discovery is not
realised until a subsequent commentary is published, emphasising the remarkable
606
D. Pal and K. Raj