decrease risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Bhattacharya et al. 2019). Thus, the
use of in vivo models with rats and different types of extracts, such as Aloe Vera
extracts, reduces blood glucose levels, a-glucosidase activity (Chang et al. 2013). In
other investigations, the use of phenolic extracts of avocado that reduces serum
insulin levels and in a clinical model use of omega fatty acids was able to maintain
glycemic control (Thenmozhi et al. 2012). Also, in an in vivo model using the musa
paradisiaca flowers, and green fruits it was possible to control plasma glucose and
Hba1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) (Dikshit et al. 2012). Also, in a medicinal shrub
berberis integerrima conducted in vivo and clinical studies in which it produced a
decrease in blood glucose and a decrease in serum glucose, as well as Hbca1 levels,
respectively (Moazezi and Qujeq 2014). Likewise, for cinnamon, clinical studies
showed that the polyphenols it contains were applied to women with polycystic
ovary syndrome, and during the period of application there is insulin resistance and
hyperinsulinemia (Singab et al. 2014). Other in vivo studies showed that black tea
and black cumin in water and hexane extracts, respectively, are associated with a
lower risk of DM, showing hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic, and oral antidiabetic activity in rats, and a sensitizing action in the black tea (Abeywickrama et al.
2011; Ahmad et al. 2013). Based on this, treatment with Nigella sativa (black
cumin extract) caused a decrease in serum glucose, an increase in decreased serum
insulin levels and a partial proliferation/regeneration of pancreatic b cells
(Mohebbati and Abbasnezhad 2020). On the other hand, garlic, ginger, and shallot
were applied in models with diabetic rats, and when isolating in S-alyl cysteine
sulfoxide from garlic it stimulated in vitro insulin secretion of b cells, besides that
the ginger extracts showed increased adipocytes of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
and thus insulin sensitivity was improved (Jafri et al. 2011; Moradabadi et al.
2013). Besides, the hypoglycemic properties of the shallot were shown by the
quercetin content in the extracts applied in diabetic models producing a hypoglycemic effect and also the extract decreased plasma glucose and HbA1c levels
and increased insulin level (Mehdi et al. 2012). There is increasing evidence
showing that flavonoids such as eupatilin, fisetin, genistein, naringenin, proanthocyanidins, puerarin, quercetin, and rutin increase plasma insulin tested in vivo
models (Akash et al. 2014; Gowd et al. 2017). The increase in plasma insulin can be
attributed to the preservation of beta-cell survival, and the stimulation of insulin
release. These beneficial effects are mediated by influencing the activation and
amplification pathways of insulin secretion. Thus, the accumulation of bioactive
compounds inhibits the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and alters the
function of the KATP channel (Şanlier and Gencer 2020). Other research indicates
that flavonoids can improve glucose-induced insulin secretion by influencing the
Amplification pathways including PLC/PKC and cAMP/PKA signaling cascades as
demonstrated in the pancreatic islets of rats by applying various doses of routine,
also, genistein, and kaemferol have an effect on cAMP/PKA signaling cascades (Fu
et al. 2016). Chen et al. (2019a) demonstrated that quercetin participates in ERK1/2
phosphorylation by enhancing insulin release.
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds …
549
use of in vivo models with rats and different types of extracts, such as Aloe Vera
extracts, reduces blood glucose levels, a-glucosidase activity (Chang et al. 2013). In
other investigations, the use of phenolic extracts of avocado that reduces serum
insulin levels and in a clinical model use of omega fatty acids was able to maintain
glycemic control (Thenmozhi et al. 2012). Also, in an in vivo model using the musa
paradisiaca flowers, and green fruits it was possible to control plasma glucose and
Hba1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) (Dikshit et al. 2012). Also, in a medicinal shrub
berberis integerrima conducted in vivo and clinical studies in which it produced a
decrease in blood glucose and a decrease in serum glucose, as well as Hbca1 levels,
respectively (Moazezi and Qujeq 2014). Likewise, for cinnamon, clinical studies
showed that the polyphenols it contains were applied to women with polycystic
ovary syndrome, and during the period of application there is insulin resistance and
hyperinsulinemia (Singab et al. 2014). Other in vivo studies showed that black tea
and black cumin in water and hexane extracts, respectively, are associated with a
lower risk of DM, showing hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic, and oral antidiabetic activity in rats, and a sensitizing action in the black tea (Abeywickrama et al.
2011; Ahmad et al. 2013). Based on this, treatment with Nigella sativa (black
cumin extract) caused a decrease in serum glucose, an increase in decreased serum
insulin levels and a partial proliferation/regeneration of pancreatic b cells
(Mohebbati and Abbasnezhad 2020). On the other hand, garlic, ginger, and shallot
were applied in models with diabetic rats, and when isolating in S-alyl cysteine
sulfoxide from garlic it stimulated in vitro insulin secretion of b cells, besides that
the ginger extracts showed increased adipocytes of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
and thus insulin sensitivity was improved (Jafri et al. 2011; Moradabadi et al.
2013). Besides, the hypoglycemic properties of the shallot were shown by the
quercetin content in the extracts applied in diabetic models producing a hypoglycemic effect and also the extract decreased plasma glucose and HbA1c levels
and increased insulin level (Mehdi et al. 2012). There is increasing evidence
showing that flavonoids such as eupatilin, fisetin, genistein, naringenin, proanthocyanidins, puerarin, quercetin, and rutin increase plasma insulin tested in vivo
models (Akash et al. 2014; Gowd et al. 2017). The increase in plasma insulin can be
attributed to the preservation of beta-cell survival, and the stimulation of insulin
release. These beneficial effects are mediated by influencing the activation and
amplification pathways of insulin secretion. Thus, the accumulation of bioactive
compounds inhibits the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and alters the
function of the KATP channel (Şanlier and Gencer 2020). Other research indicates
that flavonoids can improve glucose-induced insulin secretion by influencing the
Amplification pathways including PLC/PKC and cAMP/PKA signaling cascades as
demonstrated in the pancreatic islets of rats by applying various doses of routine,
also, genistein, and kaemferol have an effect on cAMP/PKA signaling cascades (Fu
et al. 2016). Chen et al. (2019a) demonstrated that quercetin participates in ERK1/2
phosphorylation by enhancing insulin release.
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds …
549