positive control. Various parameters such as cellular infiltration, bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF), IL-4, and IL-10 expression in BALF were analyzed. Along
with the various doses of total alkaloids, the following doses of the phytochemicals
were also screened. Intra-gastric administration of the following doses of alkaloids
were performed once a daily [20 (5 mg/kg); 24 (3 mg/kg); 30 (3 mg/kg); 75
(3 mg/kg)]. The alkaloidal treated group resulted in a decreased amount of total
leukocytes and eosinophils % in BALF. All the screened alkaloids exhibited a
potential activity (WBC content—<0.5 Â 10
9
/mL; eosinophil %—4%). In the
disease control group, IgE and eotaxin in serum were expressed at a level of 2.5 µg/
mL and 6 pg/mL. However, treatment of the alkaloids resulted in a decreased
amount of IgE and eotaxin (<2.0 µg/mL and 4 pg/mL, respectively). Furthermore,
the treatment of alkaloids also resulted in the reduction of inflammatory markers
such as IL-4 and IL-10 in BALF.
In another study, Yun-Li Zhao et al. evaluated the effect of 20, 24, 30, and 75 in
post-infectious cough in mice (Zhao et al. 2018). The animal model was standardized by instilling lipopolysaccharide (LPS—at 80 µg/50 µL/mouse) at tracheal
region followed by 30 min exposure of cigarette smoke till 30 days. After the
administration of alkaloids (above-mentioned dose, except 73 (i.g.), 1 mg/kg), the
symptoms of cough in mice were attenuated. Total white blood cells (WBC),
neutrophils (NEU) amounts in BALF and MDA, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 in
serum were significantly reduced.
14.3.1.7 Metabolic Enzymes (a-Glucoside, a-Amylase, and Pancreatic
Lipase) Inhibitory Effects
NJong-Anurakkun et al. reported the a-glucoside inhibitory potential of A. scholaris leaves-derived phytochemicals (97–99, Fig. 14.23) Jong et al. (2007).
Quercetin 3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl(1″ ! 2″)-b-D galactopyranoside (97), (+)-lyoniresinol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (98), and (−)-lyoniresinol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (99) were isolated from the rat intestine acetone powder. The screened
compounds exhibited a moderate potential toward a-glucoside (Table 14.10).
Nguyen et al. studied the a-amylase inhibitory effect of AS1 to AS3 on
a-amylase from human salivary, T. molitor larvae (TMA), and fungus (Aspergillus
oryzae). AS1 to AS3 exhibited a significant activity toward the a-amylase of TMA
(1.9–5.2 µM). However, it did not exhibit any activity toward human and fungal
a-amylases up to 100 µM concentration (Nguyen et al. 2015).
George et al. evaluated the pancreatic lipase inhibitory potential of A. scholaris
stem barks (George et al. 2019). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic
extract resulted in the identification of echitamine (9) as a potential pancreatic lipase
inhibitory leads (IC 50 = 10.92 µM).
14 Pharmaceutical Application of Bio-actives …
485
lavage fluid (BALF), IL-4, and IL-10 expression in BALF were analyzed. Along
with the various doses of total alkaloids, the following doses of the phytochemicals
were also screened. Intra-gastric administration of the following doses of alkaloids
were performed once a daily [20 (5 mg/kg); 24 (3 mg/kg); 30 (3 mg/kg); 75
(3 mg/kg)]. The alkaloidal treated group resulted in a decreased amount of total
leukocytes and eosinophils % in BALF. All the screened alkaloids exhibited a
potential activity (WBC content—<0.5 Â 10
9
/mL; eosinophil %—4%). In the
disease control group, IgE and eotaxin in serum were expressed at a level of 2.5 µg/
mL and 6 pg/mL. However, treatment of the alkaloids resulted in a decreased
amount of IgE and eotaxin (<2.0 µg/mL and 4 pg/mL, respectively). Furthermore,
the treatment of alkaloids also resulted in the reduction of inflammatory markers
such as IL-4 and IL-10 in BALF.
In another study, Yun-Li Zhao et al. evaluated the effect of 20, 24, 30, and 75 in
post-infectious cough in mice (Zhao et al. 2018). The animal model was standardized by instilling lipopolysaccharide (LPS—at 80 µg/50 µL/mouse) at tracheal
region followed by 30 min exposure of cigarette smoke till 30 days. After the
administration of alkaloids (above-mentioned dose, except 73 (i.g.), 1 mg/kg), the
symptoms of cough in mice were attenuated. Total white blood cells (WBC),
neutrophils (NEU) amounts in BALF and MDA, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 in
serum were significantly reduced.
14.3.1.7 Metabolic Enzymes (a-Glucoside, a-Amylase, and Pancreatic
Lipase) Inhibitory Effects
NJong-Anurakkun et al. reported the a-glucoside inhibitory potential of A. scholaris leaves-derived phytochemicals (97–99, Fig. 14.23) Jong et al. (2007).
Quercetin 3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl(1″ ! 2″)-b-D galactopyranoside (97), (+)-lyoniresinol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (98), and (−)-lyoniresinol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (99) were isolated from the rat intestine acetone powder. The screened
compounds exhibited a moderate potential toward a-glucoside (Table 14.10).
Nguyen et al. studied the a-amylase inhibitory effect of AS1 to AS3 on
a-amylase from human salivary, T. molitor larvae (TMA), and fungus (Aspergillus
oryzae). AS1 to AS3 exhibited a significant activity toward the a-amylase of TMA
(1.9–5.2 µM). However, it did not exhibit any activity toward human and fungal
a-amylases up to 100 µM concentration (Nguyen et al. 2015).
George et al. evaluated the pancreatic lipase inhibitory potential of A. scholaris
stem barks (George et al. 2019). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic
extract resulted in the identification of echitamine (9) as a potential pancreatic lipase
inhibitory leads (IC 50 = 10.92 µM).
14 Pharmaceutical Application of Bio-actives …
485