6.2.1.7 Andrographolide
It is a labdane diterpenoid obtained from Andrographis paniculate (Acanthaceae).
Andrographolide exhibit varied biological activities. Several immunomodulatory
properties of andrographolide studied in-vitro with lessening of cytokines in
macrophages and microglia (Maiti et al. 2006). Andrographolide block the
LPS-activated COX-2 and iNOS countenance in RAW264.7 cells. Andrographolide
also blocks Akt and Erk ½ signaling, subsequently blocking the chemotaxis
movement of macrophages on inflammation site (Tsai et al. 2004; Qin et al. 2006).
Andrographolide blocks the production of ROS in neutrophils (Shen et al. 2002). It
also regulates the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines such as
TNF-a, IFN-c, IL-2 and NK cells. The andrographolide administered at different
doses resulting in the enhanced appearance of CD signs and the release of TNF-a,
thus raising the cytotoxic efficacy of lymphocytes (Rajagopal et al. 2003). It inhibits
IFNc, IL-2, and IL-6 appearance, thus reducing the cellular and humoral acquired
immune response in T cells. It also reduces the antigen-cited action of DCs to T
cells. Andrographolide decreases the serum Ig, ILs, and Th2 cytokine, shown in a
study on the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma rat model. It decreases movement
and ECs proliferation, invasion, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1),
suggesting its function in angiogenesis. The activity of NF-jB blocked by several
immunomodulatory reactions and andrographolide block NF-jB binding to DNA
and resulting in decreasing proinflammatory protein expressions (Hidalgo et al.
2005; Iruretagoyena et al. 2005). Andrographolide downregulates iNOS and
COX-2 gene countenance by blocking STAT3 and NF-jB countenance via
inhibiting the appearance of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 (Lee et al.
2011; Zhang et al. 2014) shown in a study to control the role of andrographolide on
insulinoma growth. Andrographolide prevents the growth of insulinoma by targeting the TLR4/NF-jB signaling pathway (Zhang et al. 2014). It also inhibits the
growth of cancer cells via several mechanisms, such as cytotoxic activity, induction
of cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, immunomodulatory effect,
anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities and chemoprotective mechanism.
Furthermore, andrographolide also decreases the expression of Bcl-2 studied by
immunohistochemistry analysis (Rajaratinam and Nafi 2019).
6.2.1.8 Genistein
It is a naturally occurring phytoestrogen, found in soy and soy-derived products.
chemically it is 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, a prominent tyrosine kinase blocker. It
inhibits IL-1b/IFNc-mediated iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, producing NO and PGE2 in human islets that can stop the pathogenesis of diabetes and
increase insulin resistance. Genistein (Jantan et al. 2015) induces apoptosis similar
to other topoisomerase blockers. It actively blocks angiogenesis, exert a blocking
effect on proliferating cells. It controls vascular action and protects against
atherosclerosis (Si and Liu 2007). Genistein blocked the countenance of
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219
It is a labdane diterpenoid obtained from Andrographis paniculate (Acanthaceae).
Andrographolide exhibit varied biological activities. Several immunomodulatory
properties of andrographolide studied in-vitro with lessening of cytokines in
macrophages and microglia (Maiti et al. 2006). Andrographolide block the
LPS-activated COX-2 and iNOS countenance in RAW264.7 cells. Andrographolide
also blocks Akt and Erk ½ signaling, subsequently blocking the chemotaxis
movement of macrophages on inflammation site (Tsai et al. 2004; Qin et al. 2006).
Andrographolide blocks the production of ROS in neutrophils (Shen et al. 2002). It
also regulates the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines such as
TNF-a, IFN-c, IL-2 and NK cells. The andrographolide administered at different
doses resulting in the enhanced appearance of CD signs and the release of TNF-a,
thus raising the cytotoxic efficacy of lymphocytes (Rajagopal et al. 2003). It inhibits
IFNc, IL-2, and IL-6 appearance, thus reducing the cellular and humoral acquired
immune response in T cells. It also reduces the antigen-cited action of DCs to T
cells. Andrographolide decreases the serum Ig, ILs, and Th2 cytokine, shown in a
study on the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma rat model. It decreases movement
and ECs proliferation, invasion, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1),
suggesting its function in angiogenesis. The activity of NF-jB blocked by several
immunomodulatory reactions and andrographolide block NF-jB binding to DNA
and resulting in decreasing proinflammatory protein expressions (Hidalgo et al.
2005; Iruretagoyena et al. 2005). Andrographolide downregulates iNOS and
COX-2 gene countenance by blocking STAT3 and NF-jB countenance via
inhibiting the appearance of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 (Lee et al.
2011; Zhang et al. 2014) shown in a study to control the role of andrographolide on
insulinoma growth. Andrographolide prevents the growth of insulinoma by targeting the TLR4/NF-jB signaling pathway (Zhang et al. 2014). It also inhibits the
growth of cancer cells via several mechanisms, such as cytotoxic activity, induction
of cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, immunomodulatory effect,
anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities and chemoprotective mechanism.
Furthermore, andrographolide also decreases the expression of Bcl-2 studied by
immunohistochemistry analysis (Rajaratinam and Nafi 2019).
6.2.1.8 Genistein
It is a naturally occurring phytoestrogen, found in soy and soy-derived products.
chemically it is 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, a prominent tyrosine kinase blocker. It
inhibits IL-1b/IFNc-mediated iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, producing NO and PGE2 in human islets that can stop the pathogenesis of diabetes and
increase insulin resistance. Genistein (Jantan et al. 2015) induces apoptosis similar
to other topoisomerase blockers. It actively blocks angiogenesis, exert a blocking
effect on proliferating cells. It controls vascular action and protects against
atherosclerosis (Si and Liu 2007). Genistein blocked the countenance of
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
219