replication of various forms of viruses and infections of target cells (Boots et al.
2008). It inhibits the action of iNOs and COX-2 by suppressing NF-jB, AP-1 and
STAT-1 signaling in cytokines or LPS-activated macrophages and HUVECs
(Hamalainen et al. 2007). Quercitin decreases the appearance of PINFLCs in calcium ionophore and PMA-activated mast cells. Moreover, quercetin also blocks the
TNF-a-activated NF-jB recruitment to proinflammatory gene promoters in MIECs
(Ruiz et al. 2007; Park et al. 2008). Quercitin reduces the TNF-a- or PMA-activated
expression of ICAM-1 in HECs. Quercetin also inhibits LPS-activated NF-jB and
NO production in mice. It modulates Th1/Th2 cytokine dysregulation in asthma and
types 1 diabetes (Ravikumar and Kavitha 2020). Quercetin, attenuate the
proinflammatory phenotype and function of DCs in-vitro. Quercetin is a potent
immunomodulatory agent to alter human DC phenotype and function, shifting the
immune balance from inflammation to resolution (Jantan et al. 2015; Michalski
et al. 2020).
6.2.1.5 Colchicine
Colchicine is a tropolone derivative and it is the main alkaloid of Colchicum
autumnale (family: Colchicaceae), commonly known as autumn crocus or meadow
saffron. The extracts have been used to treat gout for centuries. Colchicine has
approved by the US FDA for the prevention and therapy for familial Mediterranean
fever and acute gout flares. Colchicine inhibits activation and migration of neutrophils to sites of inflammation it also inhibits microtubule polymerization
by binding to its constitutive protein, tubulin (Bhattacharyya et al. 2008; Stanton
et al. 2011).
6.2.1.6 Capsaicin
Capsaicin is a hydrophobic alkaloid chemically it is 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6nonenamide major active phytoconstituents of chili peppers Capsicum sp; belong
to family Solanaceae, and accountable for the typical spiciness/pungency of chili
peppers. It is used in classical and folk medicine as a counter-irritant and topical
rubefacient to reduce the pain of joints and muscles (Caterina et al. 1997).
Capsaicin suppresses the production of cytokines at low concentrations, and it
blocks the release of cytokines at variable concentrations whereas it stimulates IL-6
(Bessler 2016). Furthermore, capsaicin found to inhibit the iNOS countenance and
COX-2 expression in the macrophages in a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
(TRPV1)-independent way. In an inflammation-based experiment, topical capsaicin
found to be inactive against osteoarthritis (Cameron and Chrubasik 2013).
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V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal
2008). It inhibits the action of iNOs and COX-2 by suppressing NF-jB, AP-1 and
STAT-1 signaling in cytokines or LPS-activated macrophages and HUVECs
(Hamalainen et al. 2007). Quercitin decreases the appearance of PINFLCs in calcium ionophore and PMA-activated mast cells. Moreover, quercetin also blocks the
TNF-a-activated NF-jB recruitment to proinflammatory gene promoters in MIECs
(Ruiz et al. 2007; Park et al. 2008). Quercitin reduces the TNF-a- or PMA-activated
expression of ICAM-1 in HECs. Quercetin also inhibits LPS-activated NF-jB and
NO production in mice. It modulates Th1/Th2 cytokine dysregulation in asthma and
types 1 diabetes (Ravikumar and Kavitha 2020). Quercetin, attenuate the
proinflammatory phenotype and function of DCs in-vitro. Quercetin is a potent
immunomodulatory agent to alter human DC phenotype and function, shifting the
immune balance from inflammation to resolution (Jantan et al. 2015; Michalski
et al. 2020).
6.2.1.5 Colchicine
Colchicine is a tropolone derivative and it is the main alkaloid of Colchicum
autumnale (family: Colchicaceae), commonly known as autumn crocus or meadow
saffron. The extracts have been used to treat gout for centuries. Colchicine has
approved by the US FDA for the prevention and therapy for familial Mediterranean
fever and acute gout flares. Colchicine inhibits activation and migration of neutrophils to sites of inflammation it also inhibits microtubule polymerization
by binding to its constitutive protein, tubulin (Bhattacharyya et al. 2008; Stanton
et al. 2011).
6.2.1.6 Capsaicin
Capsaicin is a hydrophobic alkaloid chemically it is 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6nonenamide major active phytoconstituents of chili peppers Capsicum sp; belong
to family Solanaceae, and accountable for the typical spiciness/pungency of chili
peppers. It is used in classical and folk medicine as a counter-irritant and topical
rubefacient to reduce the pain of joints and muscles (Caterina et al. 1997).
Capsaicin suppresses the production of cytokines at low concentrations, and it
blocks the release of cytokines at variable concentrations whereas it stimulates IL-6
(Bessler 2016). Furthermore, capsaicin found to inhibit the iNOS countenance and
COX-2 expression in the macrophages in a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
(TRPV1)-independent way. In an inflammation-based experiment, topical capsaicin
found to be inactive against osteoarthritis (Cameron and Chrubasik 2013).
218
V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal