5.2.6 Nutrient Deficiency
The soil provides water and nutrients to plants. Fourteen mineral nutrients are
required for plant correct growth and development which are divided into
macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn Cu,
Ni, and Mo). Macronutrients form structural and energy compounds in plants. On
the other hand, microelements are related to enzymatic responses. For example, Zn,
Fe, Mn, and Cu are components of enzymatic antioxidants, which regulate oxidation processes in the plant (Hajiboland 2012; Nath and Tuteja 2016). Due to the
indispensable role of nutrients, plant roots have developed an efficient sensing and
Table 5.5 Summary of the effects of different sources of VOCs used as elicitors of secondary
metabolites in different plant species
Plant species/
Reference
Treatment
Result
Arabidopsis
thaliana/
Sánchez-López
et al. (2016)
VCs emitted by the phytopathogen
Alternaria alternata cultured in
petri dishes in MS medium with
14-day-old plants
(") Total chlorophyll and TCC
Peppermint
(Mentha piperita)/
Santoro et al.
(2011)
VOCs emitted by plant
growth-promoting rhizobacteria
(Pseudomonas fluorescens and
Azospirillum brasilense) grown on
the same Petri dish with a center
partition
(") Essential oils: monoterpenes
(twofold), pulegone (3.14-fold)
and menthone (15.4-fold) in
P. fluorescens-treated plants
(") Menthone (13.5-fold) in A.
brasilense-treated plants
Peppermint
(Mentha piperita)/
Santoro et al.
(2016)
VCs from three native
rhizospheric bacterial strains
(SJ04, SJ25, SJ48) suspended in
Hoagland solution positioned on
the same partitioned Petri dish
with plant’s young shoot in MS
solid medium
(") Total essential oil production
(") Limonene, menthol and
Menthyl acetate
Atractylodes
lancea/Zhou et al.
(2016)
Nitrogenous volatiles (formamide
and N,N-dimethyl-formamide)
and benzaldehyde volatile emitted
by Pseudomonas fluorescens
ALEB7B. Bacterial suspension
cultured on MS agar in petri dish
was placed beside tissue culture
plantlets in MS rooting agar with
NAA
(") Volatile oils accumulation
(1.8-fold)
Sweet Basil
(Bacillus subtilis)/
Banchio et al.
(2009)
VCs emitted by soil benefic
bacterium Bacillus subtilis GB03
by positioning plants and bacteria
in separate regions of a partitioned
petri dish with MS media in both
sides
(") Essential oil components
content: terpineol (twofold) and
eugenol (tenfold)
Used abbreviations TCC Total carotenoid content, (") increment of
174
H. Aguirre-Becerra et al.
The soil provides water and nutrients to plants. Fourteen mineral nutrients are
required for plant correct growth and development which are divided into
macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn Cu,
Ni, and Mo). Macronutrients form structural and energy compounds in plants. On
the other hand, microelements are related to enzymatic responses. For example, Zn,
Fe, Mn, and Cu are components of enzymatic antioxidants, which regulate oxidation processes in the plant (Hajiboland 2012; Nath and Tuteja 2016). Due to the
indispensable role of nutrients, plant roots have developed an efficient sensing and
Table 5.5 Summary of the effects of different sources of VOCs used as elicitors of secondary
metabolites in different plant species
Plant species/
Reference
Treatment
Result
Arabidopsis
thaliana/
Sánchez-López
et al. (2016)
VCs emitted by the phytopathogen
Alternaria alternata cultured in
petri dishes in MS medium with
14-day-old plants
(") Total chlorophyll and TCC
Peppermint
(Mentha piperita)/
Santoro et al.
(2011)
VOCs emitted by plant
growth-promoting rhizobacteria
(Pseudomonas fluorescens and
Azospirillum brasilense) grown on
the same Petri dish with a center
partition
(") Essential oils: monoterpenes
(twofold), pulegone (3.14-fold)
and menthone (15.4-fold) in
P. fluorescens-treated plants
(") Menthone (13.5-fold) in A.
brasilense-treated plants
Peppermint
(Mentha piperita)/
Santoro et al.
(2016)
VCs from three native
rhizospheric bacterial strains
(SJ04, SJ25, SJ48) suspended in
Hoagland solution positioned on
the same partitioned Petri dish
with plant’s young shoot in MS
solid medium
(") Total essential oil production
(") Limonene, menthol and
Menthyl acetate
Atractylodes
lancea/Zhou et al.
(2016)
Nitrogenous volatiles (formamide
and N,N-dimethyl-formamide)
and benzaldehyde volatile emitted
by Pseudomonas fluorescens
ALEB7B. Bacterial suspension
cultured on MS agar in petri dish
was placed beside tissue culture
plantlets in MS rooting agar with
NAA
(") Volatile oils accumulation
(1.8-fold)
Sweet Basil
(Bacillus subtilis)/
Banchio et al.
(2009)
VCs emitted by soil benefic
bacterium Bacillus subtilis GB03
by positioning plants and bacteria
in separate regions of a partitioned
petri dish with MS media in both
sides
(") Essential oil components
content: terpineol (twofold) and
eugenol (tenfold)
Used abbreviations TCC Total carotenoid content, (") increment of
174
H. Aguirre-Becerra et al.